AP®︎ Human Geography: Unit 7 Practice Test
Prepare for your quiz, test, or the AP exam with focused practice questions on Unit 7 of AP Human Geography – Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes.
Questions List
Unit 7 (All Topics)
Question 1 Easy
This question tests the following: SPS-7.A.1
What was a significant source of energy during the Industrial Revolution?
What You’re Being Tested On:
Explore the learning objectives taken directly from the College Board’s AP® Human Geography Curriculum. Ensure you’re prepared for the exact topics covered on the AP® exam, in-class tests, and quizzes, and gain confidence in your mastery of the material.
Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes
This unit investigates industrialization, global economic systems, development measures, and the social, political, and environmental impacts of economic change.
The Industrial Revolution
Learning Objective: SPS-7.A
Explain how the Industrial Revolution facilitated the growth and diffusion of industrialization.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.A.1
Industrialization began as a result of new technologies and was facilitated by the availability of natural resources.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.A.2
As industrialization spread it caused food supplies to increase and populations to grow; it allowed workers to seek new industrial jobs in the cities and changed class structures.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.A.3
Investors in industry sought out more raw materials and new markets, a factor that contributed to the rise of colonialism and imperialism.
Economic Sectors and Patterns
Learning Objective: SPS-7.B
Explain the spatial patterns of industrial production and development.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.B.1
The different economic sectors—including primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary—are characterized by distinct development patterns.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.B.2
Labor, transportation (including shipping containers), the break-of-bulk point, least cost theory, markets, and resources influence the location of manufacturing such as core, semiperiphery, and periphery locations.
Measures of Development
Learning Objective: SPS-7.C
Describe social and economic measures of development.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.C.1
Measures of social and economic development include Gross Domestic Product (GDP); Gross National Product (GNP); and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita; sectoral structure of an economy, both formal and informal; income distribution; fertility rates; infant mortality rates; access to health care; use of fossil fuels and renewable energy; and literacy rates.
Learning Objective: SPS-7.C
Describe social and economic measures of development.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.C.2
Measures of gender inequality, such as the Gender Inequality Index (GII), include reproductive health, indices of empowerment, and labor-market participation.
Learning Objective: SPS-7.C
Describe social and economic measures of development.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.C.3
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure used to show spatial variation among states in levels of development.
Women and Economic Development
Learning Objective: SPS-7.D
Explain how and to what extent changes in economic development have contributed to gender parity.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.D.1
The roles of women change as countries develop economically.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.D.2
Although there are more women in the workforce, they do not have equity in wages or employment opportunities.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.D.3
Microloans have provided opportunities for women to create small local businesses, which have improved standards of living.
Theories of Development
Learning Objective: SPS-7.E
Explain different theories of economic and social development.
Essential Knowledge: SPS-7.E.1
Different theories, such as Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth, Wallerstein’s World System Theory, dependency theory, and commodity dependence, help explain spatial variations in development.
Trade and the World Economy
Learning Objective: PSO-7.A
Explain causes and geographic consequences of recent economic changes such as the increase in international trade, deindustrialization, and growing interdependence in the world economy.
Essential Knowledge: PSO-7.A.1
Complementarity and comparative advantage establish the basis for trade.
Essential Knowledge: PSO-7.A.2
Neoliberal policies, including free trade agreements, have created new organizations, spatial connections, and trade relationships, such as the EU, World Trade Organization (WTO), Mercosur, and OPEC, that foster greater globalization.
Essential Knowledge: PSO-7.A.3
Government initiatives at all scales may affect economic development, including tariffs.
Essential Knowledge: PSO-7.A.4
Global financial crises (e.g., debt crises), international lending agencies (e.g., the International Monetary Fund), and strategies of development (e.g., microlending) demonstrate how different economies have become more closely connected, even interdependent.
Changes as a Result of the World Economy
Learning Objective: PSO-7.A
Explain causes and geographic consequences of recent economic changes such as the increase in international trade, deindustrialization, and growing interdependence in the world economy.
Essential Knowledge: PSO-7.A.5
Outsourcing and economic restructuring have led to a decline in jobs in core regions and an increase in jobs in newly industrialized countries.
Essential Knowledge: PSO-7.A.6
In countries outside the core, the growth of industry has resulted in the creation of new manufacturing zones—including special economic zones, free-trade zones, and export-processing zones—and the emergence of an international division of labor in which developing countries have lower-paying jobs.
Essential Knowledge: PSO-7.A.7
The contemporary economic landscape has been transformed by post-Fordist methods of production, multiplier effects, economies of scale, agglomeration, just-in-time delivery, the emergence of service sectors, high technology industries, and growth poles.
Sustainable Development
Learning Objective: IMP-7.A
Explain how sustainability principles relate to and impact industrialization and spatial development.
Essential Knowledge: IMP-7.A.1
Sustainable development policies attempt to remedy problems stemming from natural resource depletion, mass consumption, the effects of pollution, and the impact of climate change.
Essential Knowledge: IMP-7.A.2
Ecotourism is tourism based in natural environments—often environments that are threatened by looming industrialization or development—that frequently helps to protect the environment in question while also providing jobs for the local population.
Essential Knowledge: IMP-7.A.3
The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals help measure progress in development, such as small-scale finance and public transportation projects.
