AP®︎ European History: Unit 6 Practice Test
Prepare for your quiz, test, or the AP exam with focused practice questions on Unit 6 of AP European History – Industrialization and Its Effects.
Questions List
Unit 6 (All Topics)
Question 1 Topic 6.1Easy
This question tests the following: KC-3.1.I
What revolution significantly amplified food production in Europe?
What You’re Being Tested On:
Explore the learning objectives taken directly from the College Board’s AP® European History Curriculum. Ensure you’re prepared for the exact topics covered on the AP® exam, in-class tests, and quizzes, and gain confidence in your mastery of the material.
Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects
This unit analyzes the origins and spread of industrialization and its transformative impact on European economies, societies, and political ideologies. It also explores the social reform movements that emerged in response to these changes.
Topic 6.1: Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective A
Explain the context in which industrialization originated, developed, and spread in Europe.
Review: KC-3.1
The Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the continent, where the state played a greater role in promoting industry.
Review: KC-3.1.I
Great Britain established its industrial dominance through the mechanization of textile production, iron and steel production, and new transportation systems in conjunction with uniquely favorable political and social climates.
Review: KC-3.1.II
Following the British example, industrialization took root in continental Europe, sometimes with state sponsorship.
Review: KC-3.2
The experiences of everyday life were shaped by industrialization, depending on the level of industrial development in a particular location.
Review: KC-3.2.I
Industrialization promoted the development of new classes in the industrial regions of Europe.
Review: KC-3.2.II
Europe experienced rapid population growth and urbanization, leading to social dislocations.
Review: KC-3.2.III
Over time, the Industrial Revolution altered the family structure and relations for bourgeois and working-class families.
Review: KC-3.3
Political revolutions and the complications resulting from industrialization triggered a range of ideological, governmental, and collective responses.
Review: KC-3.3.I
Ideologies developed and took root throughout society as a response to industrial and political revolutions.
Review: KC-3.3.II
Governments, at times based on the pressure of political or social organizations, responded to problems created or exacerbated by industrialization.
Topic 6.2: The Spread of Industry
Thematic Focus: Economic and Commercial DevelopmentsECD
Economic development, especially the development of capitalism, played an important role in Europe's history, often having significant social, political, and cultural effects.
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective B
Explain the factors that influenced the development of industrialization in Europe from 1815 to 1914.
Historical Developments: KC-3.1.I.A
Britain’s ready supplies of coal, iron ore, and other essential raw materials promoted industrial growth.
Historical Developments: KC-3.1.I
Great Britain established its industrial dominance through the mechanization of textile production, iron and steel production, and new transportation systems in conjunction with uniquely favorable political and social climates.
Historical Developments: KC-3.1.I.B
Economic institutions and human capital such as engineers, inventors, and capitalists helped Britain lead the process of industrialization, largely through private initiative.
Historical Developments: KC-3.1.I.C
Britain’s parliamentary government promoted commercial and industrial interests because those interests were represented in Parliament.
Historical Developments: KC-3.1.II.A
France moved toward industrialization at a more gradual pace than Great Britain, with government support and with less dislocation of traditional methods of production.
Historical Developments: KC-3.1.II.C
A combination of factors, including geography, lack of resources, the dominance of traditional landed elites, the persistence of serfdom in some areas, and inadequate government sponsorship, accounted for eastern and southern Europe’s lag in industrial development.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.V
Because of the continued existence of more primitive agricultural practices and land-owning patterns, some areas of Europe lagged in industrialization while facing famine, debt, and land shortages.
Illustrative Examples specific knowledge students should know & demonstrate
- The Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition of 1851
- Banks
- Government financial awards to inventors
- Repeal of the Corn Laws
- Canals
- Railroads
- Trade agreements
- Lack of resources
- Lack of adequate transportation
- The “Hungry ’40s”
- Irish potato famine
- Russian serfdom
Topic 6.3: Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects
Thematic Focus: Technological and Scientific InnovationTSI
Scientific and technological innovations have increased efficiency, improved daily life, and shaped human development and interactions, having both intended and unintended consequences.
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective C
Explain how innovations and advances in technology during the Industrial Revolutions led to economic and social change.
Historical Developments: KC-3.1.III.A
Mechanization and the factory system became the predominant modes of production by 1914.
Historical Developments: KC-3.1.III.B
New technologies and means of communication and transportation—including railroads— resulted in more fully integrated national economies, a higher level of urbanization, and a truly global economic network.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.IV.B
New, efficient methods of transportation and other innovations created new industries, improved the distribution of goods, increased consumerism, and enhanced quality of life.
Thematic Focus: Economic and Commercial DevelopmentsECD
Economic development, especially the development of capitalism, played an important role in Europe's history, often having significant social, political, and cultural effects.
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective D
Explain how industrialization influenced economic and political development throughout the period from 1815 to 1914.
Historical Developments: KC-3.1.III
During the second industrial revolution (c. 1870-1914), more areas of Europe experienced industrial activity, and industrial processes increased in scale and complexity.
Historical Developments: KC-3.1.III.C
Volatile business cycles in the last quarter of the 19th century led corporations and governments to try to manage the market through a variety of methods, including monopolies, banking practices, and tariffs.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.II.A
Along with better harvests caused in part by the commercialization of agriculture, industrialization promoted population growth, longer life expectancy, and lowered infant mortality.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.IV
A heightened consumerism developed as a result of the second industrial revolution.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.IV.A
Industrialization and mass marketing increased both the production and demand for a new range of consumer goods—including clothing, processed foods, and labor-saving devices—and created more leisure opportunities.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.IV.A
Industrialization in Prussia allowed that state to become the leader of a unified Germany, which subsequently underwent rapid industrialization under government sponsorship.
Illustrative Examples specific knowledge students should know & demonstrate
- Manchester, England
- The Krupp family (Essen, Germany)
- Bessemer process
- Mass production
- Electricity
- Chemicals
- Telegraph
- Steamship
- Streetcars or trolley cars
- Telephones
- Internal combustion engine
- Airplane
- Radio
- Steamships
- Railroads
- Refrigerated rail cars
- Ice boxes
- Streetcars
- Bicycles
- Chemical industry
- Electricity and utilities
- Automobile
- Leisure travel
- Professional and leisure sport
- Advertising
- Department stores
- Catalogs
- Zollverein
- Investment in transportation network
- Adoption of improved methods of manufacturing
- Friedrich List's National System
Topic 6.4: Social Effects of Industrialization
Thematic Focus: Social Organization and DevelopmentSCD
Economic, political, and cultural factors have influenced the form and status of family, class, and social groups in European history, which has, in turn, affected both the individual and society.
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective E
Explain the causes and consequences of social developments resulting from industrialization.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.I.A
In industrialized areas of Europe (i.e., western and northern Europe), socioeconomic changes created divisions of labor that led to the development of self-conscious classes, including the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.I.B
In some of the less industrialized areas of Europe, the dominance of agricultural elites continued into the 20th century.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.I.C
Class identity developed and was reinforced through participation in philanthropic, political, and social associations among the middle classes, and in mutual aid societies and trade unions among the working classes.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.II.B
With migration from rural to urban areas in industrialized regions, cities experienced overcrowding, while affected rural areas suffered declines in available labor as well as weakened communities.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.III.A
Bourgeois families became focused on the nuclear family and the cult of domesticity, with distinct gender roles for men and women.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.III.B
By the end of the century, higher wages, laws restricting the labor of children and women, social welfare programs, improved diet, and increased access to birth control affected the quality of life for the working class.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.III.C
Economic motivations for marriage, while still important for all classes, diminished as the middle-class notion of companionate marriage began to be adopted by the working classes.
Historical Developments: KC-3.2.III.D
Leisure time centered increasingly on the family or small groups, concurrent with the development of activities and spaces to use that time.
Illustrative Examples specific knowledge students should know & demonstrate
- Factory Act of 1833
- Mines Act of 1842
- Ten Hours Act of 1847
- Parks
- Sports clubs and arenas
- Beaches
- Department stores
- Museums
- Theaters
- Opera houses
Topic 6.5: The Concert Of Europe And European Conservatism
Thematic Focus: States and Other Institutions of PowerSOP
European states and nations developed governmental and civil institutions from 1450 to the present to organize society and consolidate political power, with a variety of social, cultural, and economic effects.
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective F
Explain how the European political order was maintained and challenged from 1815 to 1914.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.I.C
Conservatives developed a new ideology in support of traditional political and religious authorities, which was based on the idea that human nature was not perfectible.
Historical Developments: KC-3.4.I
The Concert of Europe (or Congress System) sought to maintain the status quo through collective action and adherence to conservatism.
Historical Developments: KC-3.4.I.A
Metternich, architect of the Concert of Europe, used it to suppress nationalist and liberal revolutions.
Historical Developments: KC-3.4.I.B
Conservatives reestablished control in many European states and attempted to suppress movements for change and, in some areas, to strengthen adherence to religious authorities.
Illustrative Examples specific knowledge students should know & demonstrate
- Edmund Burke
- Joseph de Maistre
- Klemens von Metternich
Topic 6.6: Reactions and Revolutions
Thematic Focus: States and Other Institutions of PowerSOP
European states and nations developed governmental and civil institutions from 1450 to the present to organize society and consolidate political power, with a variety of social, cultural, and economic effects.
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective G
Explain how and why various groups reacted against the existing order from 1815 to 1914.
Historical Developments: KC-3.4.I.C
In the first half of the 19th century, revolutionaries attempted to destroy the status quo.
Historical Developments: KC-3.4.I.D
The revolutions of 1848, triggered by economic hardship and discontent with the political status quo, challenged conservative politicians and governments and led to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe.
Historical Developments: KC-3.4.II.D
In Russia, autocratic leaders pushed through a program of reform and modernization, including the emancipation of the serfs, which gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually the Russian Revolution of 1905.
Illustrative Examples specific knowledge students should know & demonstrate
- War of Greek Independence
- Decembrist revolt in Russia
- Polish rebellion
- July Revolution in France
- Alexander II
- Sergei Witte
- Peter Stolypin
Topic 6.7: Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements
Thematic Focus: Cultural and Intellectual DevelopmentsCID
The creation and transmission of knowledge, including the relationship between traditional sources of authority and the development of differing world views, had significant political, intellectual, economic, cultural, and social effects on European and world societies.
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective H
Explain how and why different intellectual developments challenged the political and social order from 1815 to 1914.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.I.A
Liberals emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.I.B
Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership; some argued that such rights should be extended to women.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.I.D
Socialists called for the redistribution of society’s resources and wealth and evolved from a utopian to a Marxist scientific critique of capitalism.
Historical Developments: KC-3.6.II.C
Marx’s scientific socialism provided a systematic critique of capitalism and a deterministic analysis of society and historical evolution.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.I.E
Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation.
Illustrative Examples specific knowledge students should know & demonstrate
- Jeremy Bentham
- Anti-Corn Law League
- John Stuart Mill
- Chartists
- Flora Tristan
- Henri de Saint-Simon
- Charles Fourier
- Robert Owen
- Friedrich Engels
- Clara Zetkin
- Rosa Luxemburg
- Mikhail Bakunin
- Georges Sorel
Topic 6.8: 19th-Century Social Reform
Thematic Focus: Social Organization and DevelopmentSCD
Economic, political, and cultural factors have influenced the form and status of family, class, and social groups in European history, which has, in turn, affected both the individual and society.
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective I
Explain the various movements and calls for social reform that resulted from intellectual developments from 1815 to 1914.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.III
Political movements and social organizations responded to problems of industrialization.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.III.A
Mass-based political parties emerged as sophisticated vehicles for social, economic, and political reform.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.III.B
Workers established labor unions and movements promoting social and economic reforms that also developed into political parties.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.III.C
Feminists pressed for legal, economic, and political rights for women as well as improved working conditions.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.III.D
Various nongovernmental reform movements, many of them religious, assisted the poor and worked to end serfdom and slavery.
Illustrative Examples specific knowledge students should know & demonstrate
- Conservatives and Liberals in Great Britain
- Conservatives and Socialists in France
- Social Democratic Party in Germany
- German Social Democratic Party
- British Labour Party
- Russian Social Democratic Party
- Flora Tristan
- British Women's Social and Political Union
- Pankhurst family
- Barbara Smith Bodichon
- The Sunday School movement
- The temperance movement
- British abolitionist movement
- Josephine Butler
Topic 6.9: Institutional Responses and Reform
Thematic Focus: States and Other Institutions of PowerSOP
European states and nations developed governmental and civil institutions from 1450 to the present to organize society and consolidate political power, with a variety of social, cultural, and economic effects.
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective J
Explain how and why governments and other institutions responded to challenges resulting from industrialization.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.II.A
Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic and social policies in response to the challenges of industrialization.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.II.B
Reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by modernizing infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, and establishing modern police forces. The reforms were enacted by governments motivated by such forces as public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organizations.
Historical Developments: KC-3.3.II.C
Reformers promoted compulsory public education to advance the goals of public order, nationalism, and economic growth.
Illustrative Examples specific knowledge students should know & demonstrate
- Sewage and water systems
- Public lighting
- Public housing
- Urban redesign
- Parks
- Public transportation
- Edwin Chadwick
- Georges Haussmann
Topic 6.10: Causation in the Age of Industrialization
Learning Objective: Unit 6: Learning Objective K
Explain the influence of innovations and technological developments in Europe from 1815 to 1914.
Review: KC-3.1
The Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the continent, where the state played a greater role in promoting industry.
Review: KC-3.1.I
Great Britain established its industrial dominance through the mechanization of textile production, iron and steel production, and new transportation systems in conjunction with uniquely favorable political and social climates.
Review: KC-3.1.II
Following the British example, industrialization took root in continental Europe, sometimes with state sponsorship.
Review: KC-3.2
The experiences of everyday life were shaped by industrialization, depending on the level of industrial development in a particular location.
Review: KC-3.2.I
Industrialization promoted the development of new classes in the industrial regions of Europe.
Review: KC-3.2.II
Europe experienced rapid population growth and urbanization, leading to social dislocations.
Review: KC-3.2.III
Over time, the Industrial Revolution altered the family structure and relations for bourgeois and working-class families.
Review: KC-3.3
Political revolutions and the complications resulting from industrialization triggered a range of ideological, governmental, and collective responses.
Review: KC-3.3.I
Ideologies developed and took root throughout society as a response to industrial and political revolutions.
Review: KC-3.3.II
Governments, at times based on the pressure of political or social organizations, responded to problems created or exacerbated by industrialization.
