AP®︎ Comparative Government: Topic 1.10 Flashcards

A political system’s capacity to preserve order, maintain authority, enforce decisions, manage conflict, and continue operating predictably

People and organizations within a state whose actions can bolster or undermine state authority, rule of law, and regime stability

The abuse of public office or authority for private benefit, including bribery, embezzlement, patronage, and misuse of public resources

Open accountability permits citizens and independent institutions to expose misconduct; controlled accountability lets the state decide which accusations are investigated

A law giving the public a legal right to request information from public authorities, subject to specified exemptions

A law that strengthened public access to Mexican government information as part of post-PRI transparency reforms

Mexico’s transparency body, granted constitutional autonomy in 2014 to oversee access to government information and personal-data protection

The accountability system established by 2015 constitutional changes to coordinate Mexican anticorruption efforts, though weakened by enforcement and independence problems

A formal Nigerian anticorruption body created in 2000

A formal Nigerian anticorruption body established in 2003 to address economic and financial crimes

A law expanding legal access to Nigerian public records to improve government transparency

Xi Jinping’s post-2012 campaign punishing both high-ranking and lower-level officials through Communist Party-controlled enforcement

The Chinese Communist Party body that plays a central role in China’s party-directed anticorruption campaign

A Russian opposition organization that publicized alleged elite corruption and faced prosecution, restrictions, and state repression

Iran constitutionally recognizes Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians, while unrecognized Baha’is face restrictions on education, employment, worship, and public life

State-enforced gender regulations based on the regime’s Islamic character that became a major source of conflict over equality and personal liberty

The nationwide Iranian protest movement sparked by Mahsa Jina Amini’s 2022 death after morality-police detention and met with arrests, force, executions, and communication restrictions

Violent narcotics-trafficking organizations that corrupt officials, intimidate public actors, and sometimes exercise de facto local control

The 2014 disappearance of 43 Mexican students involving local officials, police, and criminal actors, which became a symbol of impunity and state failure

An organization that began a major insurgency in northeastern Nigeria in 2009 and has used bombings, assassinations, village attacks, and kidnappings

Separatist mobilization connected to Biafra in southeastern Nigeria that challenges federal unity and authority

A Nigerian policy offering benefits and reintegration to Niger Delta militants, reducing some attacks through accommodation rather than force alone

Collective public action intended to influence government policy, enforcement, leadership, or the political system

Accommodation addresses demands through negotiation, concessions, or reform; coercion suppresses challengers through censorship, arrest, prosecution, or force

A Chinese movement for political reform and greater accountability that the military ended on June 4, 1989, followed by continuing censorship

A protest movement arising from a disputed presidential election and alleged fraud that faced censorship, arrests, and security-force repression

The October 2, 1968 killing of protesters by Mexican security forces, followed by an official account later contradicted by investigations and records

The 2020 Nigerian protest movement demanding abolition of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad and broader police reform; SARS was formally dissolved, but protesters also faced force

An authoritarian strategy of correcting limited problems or granting narrow concessions while suppressing independent organizations that could challenge regime control

Armed groups operating in Iran’s peripheral regions that the state has met with surveillance, arrests, executions, and security operations

Conflict between predominantly Muslim and Christian populations, often overlapping with ethnic, regional, and land-use disputes and worsened by unequal or ineffective enforcement