AP®︎ Comparative Government: Topic 3.8 Flashcards

An enduring internal division, based on identity or social position, that structures relationships among groups in a society

A division based on socioeconomic position, such as income, occupation, property, education, or economic opportunity

A division among groups distinguished by shared ancestry, language, culture, or historical identity

A division between religions or between denominations within the same religion

A division among regions, nations, or center and periphery involving identity, unequal development, authority, or resources

Cleavages that place the same groups on opposing sides of several divisions, increasing polarization and the risk of conflict

Cleavages that divide people differently across issues, creating shared identities that can moderate conflict

A movement demanding greater regional self-government while remaining within the existing state

A movement seeking to withdraw territory from a state to form an independent state or join another state

A state response that recognizes, represents, or grants self-government to divided groups within the political system

The use of surveillance, detention, legal restrictions, police, or military force to suppress group organization or demands

An arrangement that guarantees major social or political groups participation in governmental authority

The transfer of governing powers from a central government to regional institutions while the region remains within the state

A division between the Han majority and minorities such as the Muslim Uighurs in Xinjiang and Buddhist Tibetans in the southwest

A division between Iran's politically dominant Shi'a majority and Sunni minorities concentrated partly in peripheral ethnic regions

Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians receive limited constitutional recognition and Majles representation but not equal political standing

A division between the Persian majority and minorities including Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Arabs, and Baluchis

A person of mixed European and indigenous ancestry; mestizo identity became central to Mexico's postrevolutionary national identity

A division between the more industrialized, urban, U.S.-integrated north and the poorer, more rural and indigenous south

A movement whose 1994 Chiapas uprising demanded indigenous rights and local autonomy rather than an independent state

The attempted secession of the predominantly Igbo southeast as Biafra caused the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–1970

Nigerian rules intended to distribute public offices among states, regions, and ethnic communities

An informal Nigerian party practice of rotating important political offices among regions

A violent Islamist organization centered in northeastern Nigeria and fueled partly by inequality, weak governance, and regional grievances

A division between the ethnic Russian majority, culturally associated with Russian Orthodoxy, and the predominantly Muslim Chechens of the North Caucasus

Wars beginning in 1994 and 1999 in which Russia used extensive force to defeat Chechen separatism and restore federal control

The politically relevant division among England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland and their relationships with the British state

A regional party that uses electoral and parliamentary politics to pursue Scottish nationalism and independence

Unionists, historically mostly Protestant, favor remaining British; nationalists, historically mostly Catholic, favor Irish identity or unity

A period of Northern Irish violence involving republican and loyalist paramilitaries and state security forces

The 1998 agreement that created devolved power-sharing in Northern Ireland and required majority consent for any change in its status

A territorial and economic division between the more developed eastern coastal core and less developed inland and western areas

A class and territorial division in which urban residents generally have greater access to employment, education, and public services than rural residents

An ethnic division between culturally distinct Indigenous communities and Mexico's white and mestizo populations

A division among more than 250 ethnic groups, especially the Hausa-Fulani in the north, Yoruba in the southwest, and Igbo in the southeast

A division between the predominantly Muslim north and the south, where Christians and practitioners of Indigenous religions are concentrated

Tensions between white citizens and non-European minorities whose presence is connected partly to colonial history and postwar immigration