AP®︎ Comparative Government: Topic 4.1 Flashcards

The institutions and rules that determine who may compete and vote, how representatives are selected, and how votes are converted into public offices or legislative seats

A geographic area whose voters select one or more representatives; constituency is the common British term

The number of representatives elected from an electoral district

An electoral district that elects one representative

An electoral district that elects two or more representatives and is required for proportional representation

The rule used to convert votes into winners or legislative seats, such as plurality or proportional representation

The rules determining whether voters select individual candidates, political parties, or party lists

The requirements a candidate or party must satisfy to appear on the ballot and compete in an election

A system allocating seats in approximate proportion to parties’ vote shares through multimember districts, thereby promoting multiparty representation

Voters support a party or its candidate list, parties receive seats according to vote share, and candidates fill those seats from the lists

The minimum vote share a party must receive to participate in the proportional allocation of seats

An electoral system combining multiple formulas, typically single-member district elections for some seats and party-list proportional representation for others

An election in which voters directly determine the officeholders, either by choosing candidates or by voting for a party list whose candidates receive seats

An election in which voters choose a lower-level body whose members then select officials at a higher level

An additional ballot held when the first round does not satisfy the legal requirements needed to fill an office or all available seats

Electoral selection in which meaningful alternatives can access the ballot and voters can determine which candidates receive office

A rule requiring parties to nominate a specified proportion of candidates from a designated group without guaranteeing that group seats

A legislative seat set aside for a designated group, directly guaranteeing that group representation

Citizens elect county and township congresses, successively higher congresses elect those above them, and provincial-level bodies select up to 3,000 NPC deputies

The 290 members are directly elected from single-member and multimember districts, sometimes through second rounds, after Guardian Council vetting; five seats are reserved for non-Muslim minorities

Of 500 deputies, 300 are elected by plurality from single-member districts and 200 by party-list PR from five 40-seat regional constituencies

Each of 32 federal entities elects two senators from the first-place slate and one from the second-place slate, while 32 additional senators are elected by nationwide party-list PR.

Its 360 members are directly elected by plurality from single-member districts, with each state’s number of districts based on population

Each of the 36 states directly elects three senators from single-member districts, and the Federal Capital Territory elects one, for 109 senators total

Of 450 deputies, 225 are elected from single-member districts and 225 by nationwide party-list PR with a 5% threshold; the mixed system was restored in 2016 after two all-PR elections

Each of 650 MPs is directly elected from a single-member constituency by first-past-the-post, with no majority requirement or second round

An electoral formula in which the candidate receiving more votes than any other candidate wins, without needing an absolute majority

Plurality voting in a single-member district: the candidate with the most votes wins the district’s seat

Before Iran’s Majles elections, the Guardian Council screens prospective candidates and may exclude them from the ballot, restricting electoral competition