AP®︎ Comparative Government: Topic 3.5 Flashcards

Actions by individuals or groups intended to influence leaders, public policy, government operations, or a regime’s survival and legitimacy

Voluntary participation is freely chosen; coerced participation is required or pressured through laws, threats, sanctions, or social and political costs

Individual participation is performed by one person; group participation is coordinated collective action organized around shared political demands

Formal participation uses recognized government channels such as elections and referenda; informal participation applies pressure outside regular institutions through actions such as protests, strikes, or boycotts

Supportive participation reinforces a government or regime; oppositional participation seeks policy change, leadership replacement, institutional reform, or regime overthrow

An institution or practice that lets citizens express grievances in a controlled way, reducing pressure for rebellion or revolution

Political action using violence to pursue policy change, autonomy, secession, or regime overthrow, especially when peaceful channels appear blocked or ineffective

Transfer of governing powers from the United Kingdom’s central government to regional institutions while the regions remain within the United Kingdom

The 2014 vote on Scottish independence; 55.3 percent voted No and 44.7 percent Yes, keeping Scotland in the United Kingdom

The 2016 UK referendum in which 51.9 percent voted Leave and 48.1 percent Remain, leading to withdrawal from the European Union in 2020

A direct-democracy vote in which citizens decide a policy or constitutional question; it may promote democratic decision making, bypass the legislature, or shift responsibility for difficult decisions to voters

Independent participation originates with citizens or groups without government direction; state-directed participation is organized or mobilized by the government to advance regime goals or display support