AP®︎ Comparative Government: Topic 5.7 Flashcards

Expansion of mechanized manufacturing, industrial production, and associated transportation and energy systems

Increasing productive capacity and material development through changes such as industrial growth, improved infrastructure, new technology, greater trade, and rising living standards

Widespread, persistent pollution rooted in an economy’s systems of production, energy, transportation, and land use

Moving heavily polluting factories away from populated areas, reducing local exposure but potentially transferring pollution elsewhere

Legally enforceable limits or requirements governing pollution, emissions, fuels, equipment, environmental review, and industrial operation

Government assistance that lowers the cost of cleaner technologies or production, encouraging firms to reduce emissions and meet environmental standards

National laws, standards, incentives, and deadlines that shift transportation from gasoline- and diesel-only vehicles toward hybrid or battery-powered vehicles

Expansion of physical systems such as transit, electrical grids, water treatment, waste disposal, monitoring networks, and health facilities

Government measures such as expanding health facilities, monitoring disease, issuing warnings, providing clean water, and preparing for severe pollution episodes

Reduction of tariffs, quotas, and other barriers to international trade and foreign economic activity

Investment in which a foreign investor establishes or acquires a lasting business interest, such as a factory, in another country

The value of one currency in terms of another, affected by trade, capital flows, expectations, and government or central-bank policy

A tax on imports; lowering it reduces import costs but exposes domestic producers to competition, while raising it protects producers but increases consumer and input prices

A situation in which government expenditures exceed government revenues during a given period

Policies intended to reduce a budget deficit through spending restraint and cuts in funding for state programs