AP®︎ Comparative Government: Topic 5.9 Flashcards

A state that obtains a sizable share of government revenue from exporting oil or gas or leasing access to those resources; Iran, Nigeria, and Russia are the course examples

The tendency for abundant resource wealth, especially petroleum, to produce weak diversification, volatile revenue, inequality, corruption, weak accountability, and less democracy rather than broad prosperity

Resource-export income overvalues a country's currency, making imports cheaper and nonresource exports less competitive and thereby weakening manufacturing and agriculture

Seeking wealth through privileged access to state-controlled revenues, contracts, licenses, or positions rather than through productive economic activity

State ownership or decisive control of resources or resource companies to secure revenue, consolidate power, limit foreign influence, protect sovereignty, and reinforce legitimacy

Transfer of resource ownership or operational control to private actors, which can attract investment but reduce state control, increase inequality, and risk foreign influence or lost sovereignty

Mexico's state oil company, created after the 1938 nationalization; the 2013 energy reform allowed private and foreign investment while Mexico retained formal ownership of subsoil resources

An arrangement combining state ownership or formal control with private or foreign investment, technology, or operations, so legal ownership may differ from effective control