AP®︎ Comparative Government: Topic 3.9 Flashcards

A sovereign state containing multiple national, ethnic, religious, or territorially concentrated identity groups

The geographic concentration of an identity group, enabling claims to a homeland, regional autonomy, or independence

The recognized right of a government to exercise power

The belief that a government and its institutions have a rightful claim to rule

Increased support for leaders who present themselves as defenders against a threat to national unity or security

Regional or communal self-government over some affairs while remaining within the existing sovereign state

The withdrawal of territory from an existing state to establish an independent sovereign state

An effort to detach territory from one state and unite it with another state

The broader effort to separate a territory from a state, including demands for independence and sometimes substantially expanded autonomy

Sustained hostility or violence between ethnic, religious, regional, or other communities

The use or threat of violence, often against civilians, to intimidate a wider audience and pursue political objectives

Organized, sustained armed conflict within a state between the government and domestic armed groups or among groups seeking control

Interference by a neighboring state that exploits weakness through invasion, border incursions, support for separatists, proxy warfare, or efforts to detach territory

An ethnic, religious, or national identity shared by communities located across state borders

Recognition, autonomy, representation, negotiation, or resource-sharing used to incorporate group demands into the political system

Integration builds common citizenship while preserving group identities; assimilation pressures minorities to abandon distinctive identities

The use of surveillance, restrictions, detention, military force, emergency rule, or centralization to suppress cleavage-related challenges

Nigeria’s policy of seeking representation for different states and communal groups in public institutions

Nigeria’s informal party practice of rotating important political offices among regions

A legal secession vote in which about 55 percent chose to remain in the United Kingdom and 45 percent supported independence

Northern Ireland’s conflict among republican or nationalist groups, unionist or loyalist groups, and British security forces

The 1998 agreement that established power-sharing in Northern Ireland and made consent central to its constitutional status

Conflict driven by regional grievances over environmental damage and the distribution of Nigeria’s petroleum revenue

A northeastern Nigerian extremist organization using terrorism and insurgency to impose its interpretation of Islamic rule

The 1980–1988 war begun when Iraq invaded a seemingly vulnerable postrevolutionary Iran, ultimately strengthening Iranian nationalism

A Chiapas-based organization demanding indigenous rights, land, local self-government, and autonomy rather than secession

An uprising in Chiapas launched as NAFTA took effect, followed by initial military force and negotiations with the Mexican government

The 1967 attempt by Nigeria’s southeastern, largely Igbo region to establish the independent Republic of Biafra

The 1967–1970 war caused by Biafra’s attempted secession, ending with Biafra’s defeat and reintegration into Nigeria

The post-Soviet movement seeking independence for predominantly Muslim Chechnya from Russia

Two major wars in which Russia used overwhelming military force to defeat Chechen separatism and restore central control