AP®︎ Comparative Government: Topic 3.6 Flashcards

An election in which eligible citizens can register, vote, obtain information, organize, and support alternatives without unreasonable interference

An election with meaningful alternatives in which opposition candidates can realistically campaign, win, take office, and exercise power

Leaders’ responsibility to voters, created by the possibility that citizens can reward, punish, or remove them through elections

The proportion of eligible voters who cast ballots; it does not by itself indicate electoral freedom or competitiveness

Voting access concerns who can cast a ballot; electoral competition concerns whether voters have meaningful alternatives capable of winning power

Meaningful participation is independent and capable of changing leaders or policy; managed participation is state-channeled to preserve ruling-elite control

A regime with formally contested elections whose unfair, state-controlled conditions are designed to preserve the ruling elite

Democracies generally protect peaceful dissent while imposing limited order-based rules; authoritarian regimes prioritize control and suppress peaceful opposition more extensively

PAN candidate Vicente Fox won the presidency, ending 71 years of PRI presidential control and demonstrating genuine electoral turnover

Opposition candidate Muhammadu Buhari defeated incumbent Goodluck Jonathan, producing Nigeria’s first opposition victory over a sitting president

A 2020 Nigerian movement against police abuses that broadened into governance protests and faced force from security authorities

The 1989 Chinese reform and anticorruption demonstrations that the CCP suppressed with martial law and military force

The Iranian protest movement challenging the announced 2009 reelection of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, suppressed through arrests, censorship, communication restrictions, and force