AP®︎ Comparative Government: Topic 4.5 Flashcards

Large numbers of people, organizations, and informal networks acting collectively for broad political, social, or cultural change, often without formal membership or centralized leadership

A formally organized body that represents a specific interest or policy concern and seeks to influence public officials rather than win control of government

A movement that builds power from affected local communities upward; its limited hierarchy can make suppression harder but coordination, mobilization, and negotiation more difficult

Iranian mass movement that challenged alleged manipulation of the 2009 presidential election and demanded electoral transparency; repression prevented it from overturning the result but publicized electoral grievances

Mexican movement begun in Chiapas in 1994 against indigenous exclusion, inequality, land problems, and NAFTA’s effects; it promoted indigenous rights, autonomy, and social justice

Predominantly nonviolent Niger Delta movement for Ogoni rights, environmental justice, and fair oil-revenue distribution, associated with Ken Saro-Wiwa and international publicity

Loose, militant Nigerian movement seeking greater local control and a fairer share of Niger Delta oil wealth, using attacks, kidnappings, and disruption of petroleum production

Violent insurgent movement in northern and northeastern Nigeria that rejects the secular state and Western-influenced education and seeks an Islamic state under its interpretation of Islamic law

Domestic protests against Russia’s 2013 restriction on LGBTQ expression that faced arrests and dispersal but drew public and international attention to unequal treatment