AP®︎ Comparative Government: Unit 5 Flashcards

The growth of economic, political, cultural, and technological connections across national borders

Growing interconnection and interdependence of national economies through cross-border networks, worldwide markets, and reduced state control over economic activity

Reducing the state's direct economic role and increasing reliance on markets, private ownership, competition, free trade, and foreign investment

Reducing restrictions on political activity by expanding rights, civil liberties, political competition, independent organization, and protections against arbitrary government action

A policy orientation favoring competitive markets, private ownership, deregulation, free trade, foreign investment, and a smaller direct state role in the economy

Pressures created by supply, demand, competition, prices, and capital flows, including those operating across national borders

The transfer of a government-owned enterprise, asset, or service to private ownership or management, or the opening of a state-dominated industry to private competition

Transfer of privately owned enterprises or assets into government ownership or control

A lasting investment by a person or company from one country in productive activity in another that provides an enduring stake in management, control, or production

A firm operating in multiple countries whose control of capital, technology, employment, production, or market access can influence domestic governments and policies

A tax on imports that raises their domestic price, protects domestic producers, may generate government revenue, and increases costs for consumers and firms using imported inputs

Government financial support for an industry, producer, consumer, or activity, often used to lower prices, preserve employment, or protect an industry

Reduction of tariffs, quotas, and other barriers to international trade and foreign economic activity

Government policies such as tariffs, quotas, import restrictions, and subsidies that shield domestic producers from foreign competition

An international financial institution that promotes monetary stability and provides conditional assistance to states facing macroeconomic or balance-of-payments problems

An international financial institution that finances long-term development projects and institutional reforms, often while encouraging or requiring market-oriented policies

A supranational trade organization that sets predictable trade rules, seeks to reduce discriminatory barriers, and resolves disputes among member states

A package of economic reforms, commonly privatization and tariff and subsidy reductions, required for assistance from an international financial institution

Making financial assistance dependent on a recipient government’s adoption of specified policies

A development strategy that uses tariffs, import restrictions, subsidies, and state support to replace imported manufactures with domestic production

An institution created by multiple states to pursue common objectives, usually relying on cooperation or conditional pressure rather than delegated governing authority

An organization to which states delegate or pool authority, allowing its rules or decisions to bind members in specified policy areas

A West African regional organization that promotes integration by reducing internal trade barriers and coordinating policies such as external tariffs

A supranational organization whose members transfer authority to common institutions over areas including the single market, trade, competition, and product standards

Trade, financial, investment, travel, or asset restrictions imposed to raise the cost of a foreign government's behavior and induce policy change

Policies intended to reduce a budget deficit through spending restraint and cuts in funding for state programs

Designated areas offering favorable taxes, trade rules, regulation, and investment conditions to attract foreign capital, industry, employment, and export production

Coastal zones where China introduced investment-friendly market rules and welcomed foreign capital while retaining broader party-state control

Mexico's state-owned petroleum company, created after the 1938 nationalization and retained under public ownership while later reforms permitted private and foreign participation in the oil industry

Reform that opened Mexico's petroleum industry to private and foreign competition while Pemex and underground resources remained state-owned

Nigeria's state petroleum enterprise, which works with multinational oil companies through joint ventures to finance and conduct production

Partnerships through which Nigeria's state petroleum enterprise and multinational oil companies share investment, ownership, risks, management, production, and returns

Russia's restoration of state control over strategic oil and gas assets, alongside restrictions on foreign ownership and investment

The United Kingdom permits the most private control of natural resources among course countries, while China permits the least

An export-oriented Mexican factory that imports components, assembles or processes goods, and exports the finished products

The 1994 trade agreement among Mexico, the United States, and Canada that helped concentrate Mexican investment and industrial employment in northern and urban areas

The market value of final goods and services produced within a country during a given period

GDP divided by population, providing an approximate measure of average economic output or income per person

An increase in the production of goods and services, usually measured by the percentage change in real GDP.

An index from 0 to 1 combining life expectancy, education, and gross national income per capita, with higher values indicating greater human development

A measure of income or wealth inequality from 0 to 1, or 0 to 100, where 0 is perfect equality and the highest value is maximum inequality

A situation in which the value of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports during a given period

The value of one currency in terms of another, affected by trade, capital flows, expectations, and government or central-bank policy

Neoliberal reforms can increase investment, competition, efficiency, and growth while also increasing inequality, insecurity, foreign influence, and pressure on public services and protected industries

Political and cultural resistance to cross-border integration, often expressed through nationalism or populism in response to perceived losses of sovereignty, identity, security, or economic opportunity

An approach that frames politics as a struggle between a virtuous ordinary people and a corrupt or unresponsive elite

Government use of internet controls, surveillance, censorship, data collection, shutdowns, and digital propaganda to monitor citizens and suppress opposition

The deterioration of air, water, soil, ecosystems, or natural resources through pollution, extraction, industrialization, and unsustainable land use

The low-density outward expansion of urban development into surrounding rural or undeveloped land, often increasing traffic, pollution, and infrastructure demands

The unequal distribution of economic growth, infrastructure, employment, income, and public services among regions or social groups

Iran permits women to vote, seek vetted political office, attend universities, and participate in public life while retaining substantial restrictions on representation, fields of study, sporting events, dress, and gender interaction

A rule requiring political parties to nominate a specified share of candidates of each gender; Mexico has used quotas to increase women’s representation

Abortion rules and access vary among Mexican jurisdictions because states, local institutions, legislatures, and courts have adopted differing policies

Girls generally have lower enrollment and attainment in northern Nigeria than in much of the south because of poverty, isolation, insecurity, weak capacity, and restrictive gender expectations

Benefits or services intended to protect or improve material well-being, such as health care, education, income assistance, and poverty programs

Movement within a country, such as from rural areas to cities or from the interior to the coast

Movement across state borders

Movement from China's poorer western and rural interior toward jobs in eastern coastal industrial zones, with the hukou system often limiting migrants' access to urban public services

The emigration of highly skilled or well-educated people, depriving the home country of scarce expertise while benefiting receiving countries

The difference between immigration and emigration during a period relative to the population, usually expressed per 1,000 people

Conflict over immigration, EU free movement, and national border control that strengthened UKIP and contributed to support for Brexit

A population with a growing proportion of older people, commonly resulting from low fertility and longer life expectancy

The number of children and older people who are generally economically dependent relative to the working-age population

A government policy intended to encourage births, such as payments, tax benefits, child-care subsidies, or parental leave

A government policy intended to reduce births

A state that obtains a sizable share of government revenue from exporting oil or gas or leasing access to those resources; Iran, Nigeria, and Russia are the course examples

The tendency for abundant resource wealth, especially petroleum, to produce weak diversification, volatile revenue, inequality, corruption, weak accountability, and less democracy rather than broad prosperity

Resource-export income overvalues a country's currency, making imports cheaper and nonresource exports less competitive and thereby weakening manufacturing and agriculture

The development of multiple productive industries and revenue sources to reduce dependence on a single sector or commodity

Large and unpredictable fluctuations in government and export income caused by changes in global oil prices or production

State ownership or decisive control of resources or resource companies to secure revenue, consolidate power, limit foreign influence, protect sovereignty, and reinforce legitimacy

Transfer of resource ownership or operational control to private actors, which can attract investment but reduce state control, increase inequality, and risk foreign influence or lost sovereignty

The tendency of resource-funded governments that rely little on citizen taxation to face weaker public demands for accountability and political representation