AP®︎ Psychology: Topic 3.8 Flashcards

Learning in which a behavior becomes more or less likely because of the consequences that follow it

Researcher whose puzzle-box experiments showed that consequences select behavior and led to the Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by reinforcing consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by punishing consequences become less likely

Researcher who developed the systematic experimental study of operant conditioning

An enclosure that records an animal’s responses and delivers programmed consequences for studying operant conditioning

A relationship in which a consequence occurs because of, or is conditional on, a particular behavior

A consequence that increases the future frequency or probability of the behavior it follows

A consequence that decreases the future frequency or probability of the behavior it follows

Adding a stimulus after a behavior so that the behavior increases

Removing, reducing, or preventing an aversive stimulus after a behavior so that the behavior increases

An escape response ends an aversive event already occurring; an avoidance response prevents an expected aversive event

Adding a stimulus after a behavior so that the behavior decreases

Removing a valued stimulus after a behavior so that the behavior decreases

A reinforcer with unlearned value because it satisfies a biological need or innate form of comfort

A reinforcer that acquires value through learned association with other reinforcers

An antecedent cue signaling that a particular response is likely to be reinforced in its presence

Learning to respond under a stimulus condition in which the behavior is reinforced but not under conditions in which it is not

Performing a learned behavior in the presence of stimuli similar to the cue under which it was reinforced

Developing a target behavior by reinforcing successive approximations that come progressively closer to it

The tendency for a trained animal behavior to shift toward an instinctive behavior that competes with the trained response

Behavior repeated because it was accidentally followed by reinforcement despite lacking a genuine response-consequence contingency

Reduced attempts to escape or exert control after learning through repeated uncontrollable aversive events that responding is ineffective

The rule determining which occurrences of a behavior will receive reinforcement

Reinforcement of every occurrence of the target behavior, producing rapid acquisition but relatively rapid extinction

Reinforcement of only some occurrences of a behavior, usually producing slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction

The greater resistance to extinction of behavior learned under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement

The decline of a previously reinforced operant response after reinforcement is discontinued

Ratio schedules depend on the number of responses; interval schedules reinforce the first qualifying response after time has passed

Fixed schedules use predictable requirements; variable schedules use unpredictable requirements organized around an average

Reinforcement after a set number of responses, producing high responding with postreinforcement pauses

Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses around an average, producing very high, steady, extinction-resistant responding

Reinforcement of the first response after a set time, producing a scalloped pattern of pausing and accelerating responding

Reinforcement of the first response after unpredictable time intervals around an average, producing moderate, steady responding

A graph with time on the horizontal axis and cumulative responses on the vertical axis, whose slope shows response rate