AP®︎ Psychology: Topic 5.4 Flashcards

Disorders beginning during development that involve age-inappropriate difficulties in behavior, cognition, communication, or social functioning

A persistent, developmentally inappropriate pattern of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, or both that impairs functioning across contexts

A neurodevelopmental disorder involving persistent social-communication difficulties plus restricted or repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities

Disorders involving delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or behavior, negative symptoms, or some combination of these disturbances

A schizophrenic-spectrum disorder involving psychosis, disorganization, negative symptoms, or a combination, occurring acutely or chronically

Loss of accurate contact with important aspects of reality, often involving delusions or hallucinations

Acute schizophrenia has a relatively sudden, severe episode; chronic schizophrenia involves persistent or recurring impairment

A persistent false belief maintained despite strong contradictory evidence and not ordinarily accepted in the person’s culture

A false sensory perception occurring without a corresponding external stimulus

Disrupted thought shown through weakly connected ideas, unrelated replies, or severely incoherent speech

A nonsensical string of words or phrases reflecting severely disorganized speech and thought

Markedly abnormal movement or responsiveness ranging from unpredictable agitation to severely reduced activity

A marked disturbance of movement and responsiveness that may involve excessive purposeless movement or profound immobility

Greatly diminished outward emotional expression, such as an unchanging face or reduced vocal tone

The hypothesis that dysregulated dopamine activity contributes to schizophrenia, particularly to some positive symptoms

Disorders involving sad, empty, or irritable mood plus physical and cognitive changes that impair functioning

A depressive disorder involving at least one impairing major depressive episode rather than ordinary brief sadness

At least two weeks of depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, or both, accompanied by additional cognitive and physical symptoms

Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were previously rewarding

A chronic depressive condition in which depressed mood and related symptoms ordinarily persist for at least two years in adults

Aaron Beck’s pattern of negative beliefs about the self, the world, and the future that can maintain depression

The learned expectation that one’s actions will not affect outcomes, which can contribute to depression

Disorders involving episodes of mania or hypomania, usually within a course that also includes depressive episodes

Alternation between distinct manic or hypomanic periods and depressive periods that may last varying amounts of time

A bipolar disorder requiring at least one full manic episode; a major depressive episode is common but not required for diagnosis

A bipolar disorder involving at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, with no full manic episode

Disorders involving excessive fear or anxiety together with related behavioral disturbances such as maladaptive avoidance

Disproportionate, impairing fear or anxiety directed toward a particular object or situation that is avoided or endured with severe distress

Intense fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, such as crowds, transportation, enclosed spaces, or leaving home alone

An abrupt, overwhelming episode of intense fear or discomfort with biological, cognitive, and emotional symptoms

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by persistent concern about further attacks or maladaptive behavior intended to prevent them

A culturally patterned episode of acute distress, especially in Caribbean and Iberian contexts, involving intense fear, loss of control, and expressive symptoms

Intense, impairing fear of social situations in which one may be watched, embarrassed, rejected, or negatively judged

A culturally patterned anxiety syndrome, described primarily in Japan, involving fear that one’s body, appearance, odor, gaze, or behavior offends others

Prolonged, excessive, difficult-to-control anxiety or worry across multiple areas of life rather than about one specific threat

Disorders involving intrusive thoughts, repetitive behavior, or persistent difficulty regulating attachment to possessions

A disorder involving distressing or impairing obsessions, compulsions, or both

Recurrent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that produce distress

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or rigid rule, usually to reduce distress or prevent a feared event

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions because of a perceived need to save them, causing distress and congested, unusable living spaces

Disorders involving impairing disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, or behavior

A disruption in normally integrated functions such as consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, or motor control

Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or severe stress, beyond ordinary forgetting

Dissociative amnesia accompanied by purposeful travel or bewildered wandering and confusion about identity or autobiographical information

A disorder involving two or more distinct identity states plus recurrent memory gaps exceeding ordinary forgetting

Disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or severe stressful event is followed by significant psychological distress

After trauma, persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative changes in thought or mood, and heightened arousal lasting more than one month and causing distress or impairment

A vivid reexperiencing of a traumatic event in which it can feel as though the event is happening again

Persistent, heightened alertness and scanning for possible danger

Disorders involving altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs physical health or psychological functioning

Restriction producing significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain or persistent behavior preventing it, and distorted body image or failure to recognize the seriousness of low weight

Recurrent binge eating with loss of control followed by compensatory behavior such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise

Enduring, pervasive, inflexible patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate from cultural expectations, begin by adolescence or early adulthood, and cause distress or impairment

The odd or eccentric personality-disorder cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

A pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion in which others’ motives or neutral actions are interpreted as threatening

A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and limited emotional expression

A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal difficulty, eccentric behavior, unusual beliefs or perceptual experiences, and suspiciousness

The dramatic, emotional, or erratic personality-disorder cluster: antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders

A pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating others’ rights through conduct such as deceit, aggression, irresponsibility, or lack of remorse

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, entitlement, and reduced empathy

A pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions together with marked impulsivity

The anxious or fearful personality-disorder cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism or rejection despite desiring relationships

A pervasive excessive need for care that produces submissive or clinging behavior and fear of separation

A pervasive pattern of orderliness, perfectionism, rules, and control at the expense of flexibility and efficiency

Symptoms that add atypical experiences or behavior, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or catatonic excitement

Symptoms involving reduced or absent typical functioning, such as flat affect, reduced motivation or speech, social withdrawal, or catatonic stupor

The false belief that other people or institutions intend to monitor, harm, or conspire against the person

The unfounded belief that one has exceptional power, importance, knowledge, or identity

Excessive, purposeless, or agitated movement classified as a positive symptom manifestation

Markedly reduced movement and responsiveness classified as a negative symptom manifestation

An episode of abnormally elevated or irritable mood and increased energy causing marked impairment, hospitalization, or psychosis

A noticeable episode of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that does not cause marked impairment, hospitalization, or psychosis

Fear responds to an immediate perceived threat; anxiety anticipates a future threat