AP®︎ Psychology: Unit 5 Flashcards

The study of how biological, psychological, behavioral, and sociocultural influences interact to affect physical health, illness, and wellness

An interdisciplinary field integrating behavioral and medical knowledge to prevent and treat illness and promote health

The psychological and physiological process through which a person responds to a stressor

An event, demand, or circumstance that requires adjustment

A person's interpretation of a stressor and evaluation of the resources available to handle it

The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system

Stress experienced as motivating, beneficial, or manageable

Stress experienced as debilitating, overwhelming, or harmful

Recurring minor irritations and demands whose accumulated stress can have substantial effects over time

Events involving actual or threatened serious harm that can overwhelm ordinary coping resources

Stressful or traumatic childhood experiences that can affect development and physical and psychological health across the lifespan

Type A describes competitive, impatient, time-urgent, and hostility-prone behavior, whereas Type B describes a more relaxed and easygoing pattern

Hans Selye's three-stage model of the bodily response to sustained stress: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

The first GAS phase, when encountering a stressor triggers immediate bodily mobilization through a fight-flight-freeze response

Automatic physiological and behavioral readiness to confront a threat, escape it, or become temporarily immobile and highly attentive

The GAS phase in which the body remains activated and continues using resources to confront or adapt to an ongoing stressor

The GAS phase in which stress subsides or prolonged demands deplete coping resources, producing fatigue, reduced resistance, and the greatest susceptibility to illness

The theory that some people respond to stress by caring for themselves or others and seeking social connection and support, a pattern observed mostly in women

Cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage the demands created by stress

Coping that treats the source of stress as a problem to be changed or solved through practical action

Coping that manages emotional and physiological reactions to a stressor rather than directly changing the stressor

The scientific study of conditions and processes that help individuals and communities function well and flourish

A person’s assessment of life based on positive emotions, relatively fewer negative emotions, and life satisfaction

The capacity to adapt, maintain functioning, or recover following adversity, even when distress remains

Recognition and appreciation of positive experiences, benefits, or kindness; expressing it increases subjective well-being

Character strengths especially central, authentic, and meaningful to an individual; exercising them is associated with greater happiness and subjective well-being

The six broad categories of positive character strengths: wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence

The virtue involving action toward valued goals despite fear, opposition, or difficulty

The virtue involving caring relationships with others, including love, kindness, and social understanding

The virtue involving strengths that support fair and effective community life, such as teamwork, fairness, and leadership

The virtue involving strengths that protect against excess and regulate behavior, such as prudence and self-control

The virtue involving strengths that connect a person to meaning or something larger than the self

Positive psychological change in outlook, relationships, identity, or meaning that may emerge through struggling with trauma or major stress

A pattern of thoughts, emotions, or behavior evaluated in context because it causes significant distress, impairs functioning, or substantially deviates from social and cultural expectations

Three indicators used to evaluate possible psychological disorders: deviation from social norms, subjective distress, and impaired functioning

Standardized names assigned through diagnosis and classification to identify categories of psychological disorders

A socially discrediting label or negative judgment that produces stereotyping, prejudice, or discrimination

The American Psychiatric Association’s principal U.S. manual of categories and diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders

The World Health Organization’s international system for classifying diseases and health conditions, including mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders

Using ideas and methods from more than one psychological perspective according to the evidence, individual, and context

Explains psychological disorders through maladaptive learned associations among stimuli, responses, and consequences

Explains psychological disorders through unconscious thoughts, conflicts, motives, and experiences, often originating in childhood

Explains psychological disorders through unmet needs, inadequate social support, barriers to personal growth, and inability to fulfill one’s potential

Explains psychological disorders through maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, interpretations, expectations, and related emotions

Explains psychological disorders as patterns whose operation reduces survival or interferes with successful adaptation

Explains psychological disorders through social relationships, cultural expectations, institutions, living conditions, and unequal power and resources

Explains psychological disorders through physiological and genetic influences such as inherited predispositions, brain processes, hormones, and physical health

The model that psychological problems may result from interacting biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

The model that a psychological disorder develops when a genetic vulnerability, or diathesis, combines with stressful life experiences

Disorders beginning during development that involve age-inappropriate difficulties in behavior, cognition, communication, or social functioning

A persistent, developmentally inappropriate pattern of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, or both that impairs functioning across contexts

A neurodevelopmental disorder involving persistent social-communication difficulties plus restricted or repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities

Disorders involving delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or behavior, negative symptoms, or some combination of these disturbances

A schizophrenic-spectrum disorder involving psychosis, disorganization, negative symptoms, or a combination, occurring acutely or chronically

Acute schizophrenia has a relatively sudden, severe episode; chronic schizophrenia involves persistent or recurring impairment

Symptoms that add atypical experiences or behavior, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or catatonic excitement

Symptoms involving reduced or absent typical functioning, such as flat affect, reduced motivation or speech, social withdrawal, or catatonic stupor

A persistent false belief maintained despite strong contradictory evidence and not ordinarily accepted in the person’s culture

The false belief that other people or institutions intend to monitor, harm, or conspire against the person

The unfounded belief that one has exceptional power, importance, knowledge, or identity

A false sensory perception occurring without a corresponding external stimulus

Disrupted thought shown through weakly connected ideas, unrelated replies, or severely incoherent speech

A nonsensical string of words or phrases reflecting severely disorganized speech and thought

Markedly abnormal movement or responsiveness ranging from unpredictable agitation to severely reduced activity

A marked disturbance of movement and responsiveness that may involve excessive purposeless movement or profound immobility

Excessive, purposeless, or agitated movement classified as a positive symptom manifestation

Markedly reduced movement and responsiveness classified as a negative symptom manifestation

Greatly diminished outward emotional expression, such as an unchanging face or reduced vocal tone

The hypothesis that dysregulated dopamine activity contributes to schizophrenia, particularly to some positive symptoms

Disorders involving sad, empty, or irritable mood plus physical and cognitive changes that impair functioning

A depressive disorder involving at least one impairing major depressive episode rather than ordinary brief sadness

A chronic depressive condition in which depressed mood and related symptoms ordinarily persist for at least two years in adults

Disorders involving episodes of mania or hypomania, usually within a course that also includes depressive episodes

An episode of abnormally elevated or irritable mood and increased energy causing marked impairment, hospitalization, or psychosis

A noticeable episode of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that does not cause marked impairment, hospitalization, or psychosis

Alternation between distinct manic or hypomanic periods and depressive periods that may last varying amounts of time

A bipolar disorder requiring at least one full manic episode; a major depressive episode is common but not required for diagnosis

A bipolar disorder involving at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, with no full manic episode

Disorders involving excessive fear or anxiety together with related behavioral disturbances such as maladaptive avoidance

Disproportionate, impairing fear or anxiety directed toward a particular object or situation that is avoided or endured with severe distress

A specific phobia involving disproportionate fear of heights

A specific phobia involving disproportionate fear of spiders

Intense fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, such as crowds, transportation, enclosed spaces, or leaving home alone

An abrupt, overwhelming episode of intense fear or discomfort with biological, cognitive, and emotional symptoms

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by persistent concern about further attacks or maladaptive behavior intended to prevent them

A culturally patterned episode of acute distress, especially in Caribbean and Iberian contexts, involving intense fear, loss of control, and expressive symptoms

Intense, impairing fear of social situations in which one may be watched, embarrassed, rejected, or negatively judged

A culturally patterned anxiety syndrome, described primarily in Japan, involving fear that one’s body, appearance, odor, gaze, or behavior offends others

Prolonged, excessive, difficult-to-control anxiety or worry across multiple areas of life rather than about one specific threat

Disorders involving intrusive thoughts, repetitive behavior, or persistent difficulty regulating attachment to possessions

Recurrent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that produce distress

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or rigid rule, usually to reduce distress or prevent a feared event

A disorder involving distressing or impairing obsessions, compulsions, or both

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions because of a perceived need to save them, causing distress and congested, unusable living spaces

Disorders involving impairing disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, or behavior

Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or severe stress, beyond ordinary forgetting

Dissociative amnesia accompanied by purposeful travel or bewildered wandering and confusion about identity or autobiographical information

A disorder involving two or more distinct identity states plus recurrent memory gaps exceeding ordinary forgetting

Disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or severe stressful event is followed by significant psychological distress

After trauma, persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative changes in thought or mood, and heightened arousal lasting more than one month and causing distress or impairment

Persistent, heightened alertness and scanning for possible danger

A vivid reexperiencing of a traumatic event in which it can feel as though the event is happening again

Disorders involving altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs physical health or psychological functioning

Restriction producing significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain or persistent behavior preventing it, and distorted body image or failure to recognize the seriousness of low weight

Recurrent binge eating with loss of control followed by compensatory behavior such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise

Enduring, pervasive, inflexible patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate from cultural expectations, begin by adolescence or early adulthood, and cause distress or impairment

The odd or eccentric personality-disorder cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

A pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion in which others’ motives or neutral actions are interpreted as threatening

A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and limited emotional expression

A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal difficulty, eccentric behavior, unusual beliefs or perceptual experiences, and suspiciousness

The dramatic, emotional, or erratic personality-disorder cluster: antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders

A pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating others’ rights through conduct such as deceit, aggression, irresponsibility, or lack of remorse

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, entitlement, and reduced empathy

A pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions together with marked impulsivity

The anxious or fearful personality-disorder cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism or rejection despite desiring relationships

A pervasive excessive need for care that produces submissive or clinging behavior and fear of separation

A pervasive pattern of orderliness, perfectionism, rules, and control at the expense of flexibility and efficiency

Treatment that changes distressing thoughts, emotions, behaviors, or relationships through interaction with a trained therapist

A treatment that has been systematically tested and has credible evidence of effectiveness

The collaborative therapist-client relationship built on trust, support, and agreement about treatment goals and tasks

Ongoing examination of one’s cultural assumptions and willingness to learn from each client’s identity, values, and experience

The late-20th-century release of large numbers of psychiatric patients from long-term institutions into community-based care

Treatment that acts directly on biological processes through medication, brain stimulation, or surgery

The coordinated use of psychotherapy and medication to address different aspects of a disorder

The ethical obligation to avoid unjustified harm and balance a treatment’s likely benefits against its risks

The ethical duty to preserve trust by honoring commitments, protecting confidentiality, maintaining boundaries, and avoiding exploitation

The ethical duty to be honest and accurate about qualifications, evidence, risks, records, and expected treatment outcomes

The ethical principle protecting clients’ privacy, autonomy, informed consent, voluntary choice, and freedom from discrimination

Therapy that brings unconscious conflicts and recurring patterns into awareness so the client can understand and work through them

Saying whatever comes to mind without editing or suppressing it so a therapist can identify possible unconscious themes

Exploring a client’s associations to dreams as possible expressions of unconscious wishes, fears, and conflicts

Therapy that identifies, evaluates, and replaces maladaptive thoughts and beliefs contributing to distress or dysfunctional behavior

Identifying an automatic thought, evaluating its evidence and distortions, and replacing it with a more accurate, adaptive alternative

A ranked sequence of feared objects or situations arranged from least to most distressing

Aaron Beck’s mutually reinforcing negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future that can maintain depression

Applying conditioning principles by measuring target behavior and changing the antecedents or consequences that maintain it

Repeatedly and safely confronting a feared stimulus, memory, situation, or sensation to reduce avoidance and weaken conditioned fear

Gradual exposure that pairs relaxation with progressively more frightening items on a fear hierarchy

Pairing an unwanted behavior or stimulus with an unpleasant consequence so the behavior becomes less appealing

An operant-conditioning system in which desired behaviors earn tokens exchangeable for valued items, activities, or privileges

Using electronic feedback about physiological activity to help a client learn to regulate responses such as muscle tension or heart rate

Therapy combining cognitive techniques that change beliefs with behavioral techniques that change learned actions

A cognitive-behavioral therapy balancing acceptance and mindfulness with efforts to change harmful behavior and regulate emotion

Albert Ellis’s therapy that actively disputes rigid, irrational beliefs and replaces them with more rational beliefs and behavior

Carl Rogers’s nondirective humanistic therapy in which a supportive environment promotes self-exploration and growth

Closely attending to a client and communicating understanding through paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, and clarifying

Accepting and valuing the client as a person without making that acceptance depend on particular feelings or choices

Individual therapy offers one client personalized attention and privacy; group therapy uses member interaction for peer support, feedback, and interpersonal practice

Focused attention and increased responsiveness to suggestion; useful for pain and anxiety, but unreliable for accurate memory recovery or age regression

Medications used mainly for depression and some anxiety disorders, often by altering serotonin, norepinephrine, or both

Medications that reduce excessive anxiety and arousal, sometimes by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA.

A medically monitored mood stabilizer used to reduce or prevent mania and stabilize mood in bipolar disorders

Medications that reduce hallucinations, delusions, and other psychotic symptoms, often by affecting dopamine activity

A potentially persistent disorder of involuntary repetitive movement associated especially with prolonged use of some antipsychotic medications

Rare surgery that alters brain tissue to treat severe, treatment-resistant psychological disorders

Deliberately destroying a small, carefully selected area of brain tissue as a form of psychosurgery

A noninvasive treatment using magnetic pulses near the scalp to stimulate selected brain areas, particularly in some cases of depression

Producing a brief therapeutic seizure with controlled electrical current under anesthesia, especially for severe depression

A historical psychosurgery that disrupted frontal-lobe connections and often caused profound personality and cognitive changes; it is now rarely, if ever, performed