AP®︎ Psychology: Topic 4.3 Flashcards

A society’s or group’s expectations about appropriate behavior, attitudes, and beliefs

A set of behavioral expectations associated with a particular social position

The theory that social pressure can alter behavior or thinking through normative or informational influence

Conforming to gain approval or belonging or to avoid rejection and disapproval

Accepting others’ behavior or opinions as evidence about what is correct, especially in uncertain situations

The use of messages or techniques to convince oneself or others to adopt an idea, attitude, belief, or action

A model of persuasion proposing central and peripheral routes that differ in how deeply a message is processed

Persuasion through careful evaluation of an argument’s evidence and reasoning, usually producing more durable attitudes

Persuasion through incidental cues such as attractiveness, fame, emotion, or popularity rather than argument quality

The tendency for a favorable impression in one area to produce broadly favorable judgments in other areas

Gaining agreement to a small request before making a larger, related request

Making a large request likely to be refused before making a smaller request that then seems more reasonable

Adjusting behavior or thinking to match a group’s norms, expectations, or behavior without a direct authoritative command

Experiments in which participants sometimes gave an obviously wrong line judgment after a unanimous group did so, demonstrating conformity pressure

Compliance with an explicit directive from a perceived authority figure

Studies in which participants followed an experimenter’s orders to administer apparent shocks, with 65 percent reaching 450 volts in the baseline condition

A cultural emphasis on personal identity, autonomy, individual rights, personal goals, and achievement

A cultural emphasis on interdependence, relationships, social roles, group obligations, and harmony

Recognition and valuing of multiple cultural identities, traditions, and perspectives within a shared society or organization

The tendency for discussion among like-minded people to strengthen the group’s initially dominant tendency

Defective group decision-making in which the desire for agreement and cohesion suppresses critical evaluation and dissent

Reduced personal responsibility for acting when other people are present and could act instead

Exerting less effort when individual contributions are combined into a group product and are difficult to identify

Reduced self-awareness and self-restraint when anonymity or immersion in a group weakens individual accountability

The presence of others strengthens dominant responses, usually improving simple or practiced performance and impairing difficult or unfamiliar performance

The tendency to overestimate how widely other people share one’s beliefs, preferences, and behaviors

A shared objective that separate or competing groups can achieve only through cooperation

Sherif’s camp study in which competition created intergroup hostility and cooperation toward superordinate goals reduced it

A situation in which individually rewarding actions produce harmful collective consequences when many people act in self-interest

The application of psychological science to work, workers, management, and organizations

Emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion from prolonged occupational stress, often including cynicism and reduced effectiveness

Behavior intended to benefit another person or group, such as helping, sharing, cooperating, or comforting

Selfless concern expressed through helping behavior without expectation of an external reward

A felt obligation to repay help, support, or another benefit one has received

The expectation that people should help, support, or repay those who have helped them

The expectation that people should help those in need even when repayment is unlikely

The tendency for an individual’s probability of helping to decrease when other potential helpers are present

Mistakenly interpreting others’ outward inaction as evidence that no help is needed even though they may also be uncertain

Darley and Batson’s study finding that hurried seminary students were less likely to stop for a person apparently needing help

Experiments finding that people who believed they alone witnessed an emergency helped more often and quickly than those who believed others were present