AP®︎ Psychology: Topic 2.2 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 2.2 of AP Psychology – Thinking, Problem-Solving, Judgments, and Decision-Making to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Thinking

Definition

The cognitive manipulation of information and mental representations to interpret, solve problems, pursue goals, and make decisions

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Thinking
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The cognitive manipulation of information and mental representations to interpret, solve problems, pursue goals, and make decisions

2.2.A
Concept
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A mental category that groups objects, events, ideas, or people sharing relevant features

2.2.A2.2.A.1
Prototype
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The ideal or most typical example of a concept, used as a standard for categorization

2.2.A2.2.A.1
Schema
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A mental framework that organizes related knowledge, expectations, and relationships

2.2.A2.2.A.2
Assimilation
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Interpreting new information through an existing schema without changing the schema

2.2.A2.2.A.2
Accommodation
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Modifying an existing schema or creating a new one to incorporate new information

2.2.A2.2.A.2
Algorithm
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A systematic, step-by-step procedure that attempts possible solutions according to a rule until the correct one is found

2.2.A2.2.A.3
Heuristic
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A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that finds a likely answer efficiently but does not guarantee correctness

2.2.A2.2.A.4
Representativeness Heuristic
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Judging likelihood by resemblance to a prototype, expectation, or stereotype, often while neglecting base rates

2.2.A2.2.A.4
Availability Heuristic
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Judging probability, frequency, or importance by how easily examples come to mind

2.2.A2.2.A.4
Mental Set
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The tendency to approach a new problem with a strategy that worked on previous problems

2.2.A2.2.A.5
Priming
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The influence of exposure to one stimulus on the processing of or response to a later stimulus

2.2.A2.2.A.5
Framing
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The influence of how logically equivalent information or choices are presented, such as as gains or losses

2.2.A2.2.A.5
Confirmation Bias
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The tendency to favor evidence supporting an existing belief while discounting contradictory evidence

2.2.A
Overconfidence Effect
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The tendency for confidence in beliefs, estimates, or predictions to exceed their actual accuracy

2.2.A
Gambler’s Fallacy
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The mistaken belief that previous independent outcomes change the probability of the next random event

2.2.A2.2.A.6
Sunk-Cost Fallacy
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Allowing an irrecoverable past investment to improperly influence whether to continue a present course of action

2.2.A2.2.A.6
Executive Functions
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Cognitive control processes used to generate, organize, plan, monitor, and carry out goal-directed behavior

2.2.A2.2.A.7
Creativity
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Thinking that generates ideas, approaches, or products that are both novel and useful or appropriate

2.2.A2.2.A.8
Divergent Thinking
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Generating many possible ideas or solutions from a single starting point

2.2.A2.2.A.8
Convergent Thinking
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Narrowing possibilities to identify a single best or correct answer

2.2.A2.2.A.8
Functional Fixedness
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A cognitive bias that limits an object to its usual function, preventing consideration of alternative uses

2.2.A2.2.A.8