AP®︎ Psychology: Topic 3.9 Flashcards

The theory that learning can occur by observing models without personally experiencing consequences; similar models are more likely to influence behavior

Learning by watching a model’s behavior and sometimes the consequences that follow it

The process of observing and copying a particular behavior

Learning from consequences experienced by a model rather than from consequences experienced personally

Becoming more likely to perform a behavior after observing a model rewarded for it

Becoming less likely to perform a behavior after observing a model receive an aversive consequence or lose something desirable

Experiments showing that children imitated an adult model’s distinctive aggression and that observed consequences affected performance more than acquisition

Neurons or related networks active both when an action is performed and when a similar goal-directed action is observed

The nervous system’s ability to change neural connections in response to experience

A sudden problem solution produced through cognitive reorganization without a current association, consequence, or model

Chimpanzees sometimes paused and then suddenly used sticks or boxes in an organized way to reach food, demonstrating insight

Learning that occurs without reinforcement and remains hidden until a reason or opportunity causes it to be performed

Acquisition is the learning or storage of information; performance is its observable use, which can depend on motivation, incentives, opportunity, and ability

A mental representation of the spatial relationships among locations, routes, landmarks, and possible shortcuts

Rats explored a maze without reward but rapidly reduced errors once food was introduced, revealing latent learning and cognitive maps