AP®︎ Psychology: Topic 1.1 Flashcards

Genetic or otherwise inherited predispositions that influence physical, behavioral, and mental traits and processes

External conditions and experiences, including prenatal conditions, family, education, culture, and stress, that influence development and behavior

An inherited increased tendency or susceptibility that influences an outcome without making it inevitable

The principle that inherited predispositions and environmental experiences jointly shape behavior and mental processes, each affecting how the other is expressed

Shared influences are conditions experienced by family members in common; nonshared influences are distinct experiences that make people raised together differ

The extent to which differences among people in a particular population are associated with genetic differences, not the genetic percentage of an individual trait

An approach examining how natural selection may have shaped behavioral and mental tendencies that increased survival and reproductive success

The process by which inherited characteristics that aid survival or reproduction in an environment become more common across generations

Reproductive success—the ability to pass inherited characteristics to future generations

An inherited characteristic that became more common because it contributed to survival or reproduction in ancestral environments

A discriminatory program that misused heredity and selective reproduction to encourage reproduction by people labeled desirable and restrict others’ reproduction

Both members of a pair displaying the same categorical characteristic, such as both receiving the same diagnosis

Studies that compare similarities among twins with different degrees of biological relatedness or different rearing environments to investigate hereditary and environmental influence

Identical twins are treated as sharing 100% of their inherited genetic material, whereas fraternal twins share about 50% on average; greater identical-twin similarity is consistent with genetic influence

Comparison of twins raised in separate households; similarities among identical twins are consistent with hereditary influence, while differences are consistent with nonshared environmental influences and other uncontrolled factors

Studies examining whether a characteristic is more common or similar among closer biological relatives than among distant relatives or unrelated people

Studies comparing adopted people with biological relatives to assess hereditary influence and with adoptive relatives to assess environmental influence