AP®︎ Psychology: Topic 5.5 Flashcards

Treatment that changes distressing thoughts, emotions, behaviors, or relationships through interaction with a trained therapist

Selecting and combining techniques from multiple perspectives to fit the evidence and the individual client’s needs

Efficacy is success under controlled research conditions; effectiveness is success in ordinary clinical practice

A statistical combination of results from many studies used to estimate an intervention’s average effect

A treatment that has been systematically tested and has credible evidence of effectiveness

Clinical decision-making that integrates the best research with clinician expertise and the client’s characteristics, culture, values, and preferences

The coordinated use of psychotherapy and medication to address different aspects of a disorder

The collaborative therapist-client relationship built on trust, support, and agreement about treatment goals and tasks

Ongoing examination of one’s cultural assumptions and willingness to learn from each client’s identity, values, and experience

The late-20th-century release of large numbers of psychiatric patients from long-term institutions into community-based care

Treatment delivered through community centers, outpatient clinics, private practices, and local support programs rather than one large institution

The ethical obligation to avoid unjustified harm and balance a treatment’s likely benefits against its risks

The ethical duty to preserve trust by honoring commitments, protecting confidentiality, maintaining boundaries, and avoiding exploitation

The ethical duty to be honest and accurate about qualifications, evidence, risks, records, and expected treatment outcomes

The ethical principle protecting clients’ privacy, autonomy, informed consent, voluntary choice, and freedom from discrimination

Therapy that brings unconscious conflicts and recurring patterns into awareness so the client can understand and work through them

Saying whatever comes to mind without editing or suppressing it so a therapist can identify possible unconscious themes

Exploring a client’s associations to dreams as possible expressions of unconscious wishes, fears, and conflicts

Therapy that identifies, evaluates, and replaces maladaptive thoughts and beliefs contributing to distress or dysfunctional behavior

Identifying an automatic thought, evaluating its evidence and distortions, and replacing it with a more accurate, adaptive alternative

The mutually reinforcing negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future associated with depression

A ranked sequence of feared objects or situations arranged from least to most distressing

Applying conditioning principles by measuring target behavior and changing the antecedents or consequences that maintain it

Repeatedly and safely confronting a feared stimulus, memory, situation, or sensation to reduce avoidance and weaken conditioned fear

Gradual exposure that pairs relaxation with progressively more frightening items on a fear hierarchy

Pairing an unwanted behavior or stimulus with an unpleasant consequence so the behavior becomes less appealing

An operant-conditioning system in which desired behaviors earn tokens exchangeable for valued items, activities, or privileges

Using electronic feedback about physiological activity to help a client learn to regulate responses such as muscle tension or heart rate

Therapy combining cognitive techniques that change beliefs with behavioral techniques that change learned actions

Albert Ellis’s therapy that actively disputes rigid, irrational beliefs and replaces them with more rational beliefs and behavior

A cognitive-behavioral therapy balancing acceptance and mindfulness with efforts to change harmful behavior and regulate emotion

Therapy emphasizing personal growth, meaning, free choice, and the human capacity for self-directed change

Carl Rogers’s nondirective humanistic therapy in which a supportive environment promotes self-exploration and growth

Closely attending to a client and communicating understanding through paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, and clarifying

Accepting and valuing the client as a person without making that acceptance depend on particular feelings or choices

Individual therapy offers one client personalized attention and privacy; group therapy uses member interaction for peer support, feedback, and interpersonal practice

Focused attention and increased responsiveness to suggestion; useful for pain and anxiety, but unreliable for accurate memory recovery or age regression

Medication that alters central nervous system activity to address possible biochemical contributors to psychological disorders

Medications used mainly for depression and some anxiety disorders, often by altering serotonin, norepinephrine, or both

Medications that reduce excessive anxiety and arousal, sometimes by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA.

A medically monitored mood stabilizer used to reduce or prevent mania and stabilize mood in bipolar disorders

Medications that reduce hallucinations, delusions, and other psychotic symptoms, often by affecting dopamine activity

A potentially persistent disorder of involuntary repetitive movement associated especially with prolonged use of some antipsychotic medications

Producing a brief therapeutic seizure with controlled electrical current under anesthesia, especially for severe depression

A noninvasive treatment using magnetic pulses near the scalp to stimulate selected brain areas, particularly in some cases of depression

Rare surgery that alters brain tissue to treat severe, treatment-resistant psychological disorders

Deliberately destroying a small, carefully selected area of brain tissue as a form of psychosurgery

A historical psychosurgery that disrupted frontal-lobe connections and often caused profound personality and cognitive changes; it is now rarely, if ever, performed

Participants dropping out of a study, potentially making treatment groups noncomparable when dropout rates differ between conditions