AP®︎ Environmental Science: Topic 3.8 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 3.8 of AP Environmental Science – Human Population Dynamics to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Population Balance

Definition

Population change is ΔN = (B + I) − (D + E): births and immigration add people, while deaths and emigration remove them

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Population Balance
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Population change is ΔN = (B + I) − (D + E): births and immigration add people, while deaths and emigration remove them

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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
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The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year

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Crude Death Rate (CDR)
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The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year

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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
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The annual rate of population change from births and deaths alone; RNI (%) = (CBR − CDR) ÷ 10 when rates are per 1,000

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Doubling Time (Rule of 70 Estimate)
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The estimated years for a population to double: 70 ÷ annual percentage growth rate, assuming a positive, approximately constant rate

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Family Planning
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Access to contraception, reproductive healthcare, and information that allows people to choose the timing and number of births

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Density-Dependent Limiting Factor
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A factor whose effect strengthens as population density rises, such as competition, food or water scarcity, disease transmission, or limited space

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Density-Independent Limiting Factor
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A factor whose occurrence or basic effect is not caused by population density, such as a major storm, wildfire, heat wave, or drought

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Human Carrying Capacity
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The maximum human population an environment can support over time without exhausting its resources and life-support systems; exceeding it causes overshoot

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Malthusian Theory
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Malthus's theory that population can grow exponentially faster than food supply, so finite resources eventually limit unchecked growth

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Positive Checks vs. Preventive Checks
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Positive checks raise death rates through famine, disease, or conflict; preventive checks reduce births through delayed marriage or restraint from childbearing

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