AP®︎ Statistics: Topic 3.8 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 3.8 of AP Statistics – Potential Errors When Performing Tests to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Type I Error

Definition

Rejecting a true H₀; concluding there is convincing evidence for Hₐ when H₀ is actually true; false positive

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Type I Error
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Rejecting a true H₀; concluding there is convincing evidence for Hₐ when H₀ is actually true; false positive

3.8.A3.8.A.1
Type II Error
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Failing to reject a false H₀; concluding there is not convincing evidence for Hₐ when H₀ is actually false; false negative

3.8.A3.8.A.2
Power
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Probability of correctly rejecting H₀ when H₀ is false; power = 1 - β.

3.8.A3.8.A.3
Significance Level (α)
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The probability of a Type I error; chosen before data collection, often 0.01, 0.05, or 0.10

3.8.B3.8.B.1
Type II Error Probability (β)
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Probability of a Type II error: failing to reject H₀ when H₀ is false; β = 1 - power for a specified true parameter value

3.8.B3.8.B.2
Factors That Decrease Type II Error and Increase Power
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Holding other factors constant: larger sample size, smaller standard error, a true parameter value farther from the null value, or a larger α.

3.8.C3.8.C.1
Error-Consequence Decision Rule
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If a Type I error would be more serious, choose a smaller α; if a Type II error would be more serious, plan a larger sample size to reduce β and increase power

3.8.D3.8.D.2
Trade-Off Between Type I And Type II Error
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With other features fixed, decreasing α lowers the chance of a Type I error but raises β and lowers power; increasing α does the opposite

3.8.C3.8.C.1.iv