AP®︎ U.S. Government & Politics: Topic 3.13 Flashcards

Policies that deliberately seek to reduce education or employment disparities associated with race, ethnicity, gender, disability, or age, rather than merely prohibiting discrimination

The colorblind view says government must never classify individuals by race; the remedial view says limited race-conscious action may be needed to correct proven discrimination and make equality meaningful

The most demanding constitutional review, requiring a racial classification to serve a compelling governmental interest and be narrowly tailored to that interest

A policy reserving a fixed number or proportion of opportunities by race; the Court treats explicit racial quotas as especially difficult to reconcile with equal protection

Evaluating each applicant's complete record instead of assigning an automatic racial benefit; personal experiences involving race may be considered, but race itself may not supply an admissions advantage

Held that a school-desegregation remedy could not cross district lines without proof of an interdistrict violation; the remedy must match the proven constitutional violation

Struck down public-school assignment plans that classified individual students by race, while leaving room for integration methods that did not mechanically classify individual students by race

Invalidated a medical school's fixed racial set-aside but allowed, at the time, limited consideration of race as one factor in individualized admissions

Upheld a law school's individualized use of race because student-body diversity was accepted as a compelling interest and the policy was narrowly tailored

Invalidated an undergraduate policy that automatically awarded underrepresented minority applicants 20 points because it lacked individualized consideration

Held both race-conscious admissions programs unlawful; race itself may not provide an admissions advantage, though an applicant’s race-related experiences may be considered for what they show about character or accomplishments

An objective important enough to justify a racial classification, such as remedying an institution’s own identified past discrimination

A close fit between a policy and its compelling interest, including consideration of race-neutral alternatives and limits on automatic, excessive, or indefinite use of race