AP®︎ U.S. Government & Politics: Topic 1.9 Flashcards

A governmental institution or decision-making venue through which a political actor can try to influence policy

The idea that states can test policies on a smaller scale before other states or the national government adopt, adapt, or reject them

The spread of a policy innovation from one state or jurisdiction to others

An arrangement in which national and state governments share responsibility for financing, administering, or enforcing policy

The use of taxation, spending, grants, and funding conditions to shape relationships among levels of government

Money provided by one level of government to another for a public purpose

A grant for a narrowly defined purpose that carries detailed requirements and gives recipients limited discretion

A grant for a broad policy area that gives states substantial freedom over how to spend the money

Federal funding provided to state or local governments with few restrictions, giving recipients the greatest discretion

The use of federal funds offered on the condition that states adopt or follow specified policies

A law conditioning a portion of federal highway funding on states adopting a minimum drinking age of 21, which every state eventually did

A national requirement that commands state or local governments to take specified action

A national requirement imposed on state or local governments without enough additional federal funding to cover compliance costs

Selecting the institution or level of government most likely to produce a favorable policy result

Displacement of state law by valid federal law; it is express when Congress explicitly overrides state law and implied when federal law occupies the field or makes compliance with both laws impossible