AP®︎ U.S. Government & Politics: Topic 3.10 Flashcards

Protections against discrimination and guarantees of equal treatment under the law, based on characteristics such as race, national origin, religion, and sex

Sustained collective activity seeking political, legal, or social change through methods such as protest, litigation, lobbying, and elections

Constitutional amendment that bars states from denying any person due process or equal protection and authorizes Congress to enforce those guarantees

Fourteenth Amendment provision barring states from denying any person equal protection of the laws; the main basis for challenging unjustified government classifications

The Fifth Amendment restrains the federal government and the Fourteenth restrains the states; both protect life, liberty, and property, and Fifth Amendment due process also imposes equality principles on the federal government

The Fourteenth Amendment directly restricts state and local government discrimination, not purely private conduct, which is generally reached through legislation

Review applied to racial and national-origin classifications, requiring a narrowly tailored means of serving a compelling governmental interest

Review applied to sex classifications, requiring them to be substantially related to an important governmental interest

Review under which most classifications survive if they are rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest

Movement of the 1950s and 1960s that sought to end racial segregation and discrimination through equal-protection litigation, nonviolent action, voter registration, and lobbying

1954 unanimous ruling that state-mandated racial segregation in public schools violated equal protection because separate educational facilities are inherently unequal

Martin Luther King Jr.’s 1963 defense of nonviolent direct action and open civil disobedience against unjust laws rather than waiting indefinitely for justice

Movement seeking to eliminate sex discrimination in law, politics, education, and employment and to advance reproductive autonomy and equal opportunity

Women’s rights organization founded in 1966 that uses lobbying, litigation, demonstrations, and public education to secure and enforce sex equality

Proposed amendment that would prohibit denial of equal rights on account of sex; Congress proposed it in 1972, but it was not ratified by the required number of states by the deadline

1971 unanimous ruling that struck down an automatic preference for men as estate administrators, the first invalidation of a sex classification under equal protection

Movement using equality and liberty claims to challenge government disadvantages based on sexual orientation or gender identity

Competing abortion-policy movements: pro-life advocacy emphasizes protecting prenatal life, while pro-choice advocacy emphasizes liberty, privacy, bodily autonomy, and women’s equality

Federal law prohibiting racial and certain other discrimination in public accommodations affecting interstate commerce

Federal law prohibiting covered employers from discriminating because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, including discrimination for being gay or transgender

Federal law prohibiting sex discrimination in education programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance