AP®︎ U.S. Government & Politics: Topic 1.7 Flashcards

Constitutional system in which the national and state governments divide and share governing authority, with each acting directly on the people

Madison’s argument that the Constitution is partly national and partly federal, combining representation of the people with state-based features and divided authority

Powers granted by the Constitution to the national government, including enumerated and implied powers

Powers that only one level of government may exercise, such as the national powers to coin money, declare war, and make treaties

Powers expressly written in the Constitution, including many congressional powers listed in Article I, Section 8

Powers not expressly listed but reasonably inferred as means of carrying out constitutionally delegated powers

Clause authorizing Congress to make laws needed to carry out its enumerated powers and other powers vested in the national government

Powers belonging to the states or the people because they are neither delegated to the national government nor prohibited to the states

Reserves to the states or the people powers the Constitution neither delegates to the United States nor prohibits to the states

States’ broad authority to legislate for their residents’ health, safety, welfare, and morals

Powers exercised by both national and state governments, such as taxing, borrowing, making laws, establishing courts, and building roads

Makes the Constitution, valid federal laws, and treaties the supreme law of the land when they conflict with state law

The principle that national and state governments possess separate legal authority, so each may maintain and enforce its own laws

National influence over state and local policy through the collection and distribution of government funds

Federal funds for narrowly defined purposes that carry extensive restrictions and give the national government substantial control

Federal funds for broad policy areas that have fewer restrictions and give state and local governments greater spending flexibility

Federal funding provided to state and local governments with almost no restrictions, giving recipients the greatest discretion; the least-used funding form

Offers of federal money that require recipient states to follow specified national conditions while formally allowing them to reject the funds

A national requirement directing state or local governments to act or comply with a national standard

A national requirement imposed on state or local governments without enough federal funding to cover compliance costs

Law withholding part of federal highway funding from states without a minimum drinking age of 21, leading every state to adopt that age

New Deal law that expanded national economic regulation through industry codes before the Supreme Court invalidated its central provisions in 1935

Transfer of policy authority or administrative responsibility from the national government to state or local governments

The 1980s movement, especially under Reagan, to return discretion to states, often by replacing categorical programs with block grants

The federalism-based ability of states to test different policies that other states or the national government may later adopt