AP®︎ U.S. Government & Politics: Topic 3.12 Flashcards

Lincoln’s 1863 wartime order freeing enslaved people in areas still rebelling against the United States; it made emancipation a Union war aim but did not abolish slavery nationwide

The 1865 amendment that permanently abolished slavery and involuntary servitude nationwide, except as punishment for a crime, and authorized congressional enforcement

The 1868 amendment establishing citizenship, due process, and equal protection guarantees against state action

The Fourteenth Amendment guarantee that no state may deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws

Government involvement required for an Equal Protection Clause claim; private prejudice alone does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment

The most demanding judicial review, requiring a racial classification to serve a compelling governmental interest and be narrowly tailored to achieve it

State and local laws that imposed racial segregation in schools, transportation, businesses, and other areas of public life after Reconstruction

De jure segregation is required or enforced by law; de facto segregation results from residential, economic, or private patterns without an identified government requirement

The Supreme Court upheld state-required racial segregation under “separate but equal,” permitting Louisiana to mandate separate railroad accommodations by race

The doctrine that government-mandated racial separation could satisfy equal protection if purportedly equal facilities were provided

The unanimous Supreme Court decision holding that state-mandated public-school segregation violates the Equal Protection Clause because separate educational facilities are inherently unequal

An electoral district in which a racial or ethnic minority makes up a majority of the relevant population or electorate, potentially enabling it to elect a preferred candidate

Drawing electoral districts predominantly on the basis of race; such districting is subject to strict scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause

The Supreme Court held that voters stated an equal protection claim against an extremely irregular district allegedly drawn predominantly by race, making such districting subject to strict scrutiny