AP®︎ Chemistry: Topic 1.4 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 1.4 of AP Chemistry – Composition of Mixtures to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Pure Substance vs. Mixture

Definition

A pure substance has one type of particle; a mixture has two or more in variable proportions.

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Pure Substance vs. Mixture
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A pure substance has one type of particle; a mixture has two or more in variable proportions.

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Formula Unit
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The lowest whole-number ratio of ions used to represent an ionic compound.

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Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Mixtures
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Homogeneous mixtures are uniform throughout; heterogeneous mixtures have visibly nonuniform composition.

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Percent Composition by Mass
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The mass percent of each element in a compound, found from element mass divided by total mass.

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Particle Diagrams of Mixtures
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Use counts and types of particles shown to determine composition, relative amounts, and whether a sample is pure.

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Distillation
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Separates liquid mixture components by differences in boiling point through vaporization and condensation.

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Filtration
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Separates insoluble solids from liquids using a porous barrier that traps larger particles.

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Thin-Layer Chromatography
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Separates mixture components by different attractions to a stationary phase and a mobile solvent.

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Stationary Phase vs. Mobile Phase
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The stationary phase stays fixed; the mobile phase moves and carries substances past it.

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Polarity in Thin-Layer Chromatography
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More polar substances stick more to polar silica, while less polar substances travel farther with nonpolar solvent.

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Retention Factor (Rf)
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The distance traveled by a component divided by the distance traveled by the solvent front.

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Elemental Analysis and Empirical Formula
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Uses element masses or percentages to find simplest whole-number atom ratios and assess purity.

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