AP®︎ Chemistry: Topic 3.2 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 3.2 of AP Chemistry – Properties of Solids to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Crystalline Solids

Definition

Solids with particles arranged in a regular, repeating pattern called a crystal lattice.

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Crystalline Solids
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Solids with particles arranged in a regular, repeating pattern called a crystal lattice.

3.2.A
Crystal Lattice and Unit Cell
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A repeating 3D arrangement of particles; the unit cell is its smallest repeating unit.

3.2.A
Particulate-Level Representations of Solids
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Diagrams showing atoms, ions, or molecules arranged to reveal forces and solid structure.

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Intermolecular Force Strength and Phase Change Properties
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Stronger attractions give lower vapor pressure and generally higher boiling and melting points.

3.2.A3.2.A.1
Types of Solids
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Ionic: ions; molecular: molecules with IMFs; covalent network: bonded networks; metallic: metal atoms with mobile electrons.

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Ionic Solid Brittleness
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Shifting layers place like charges adjacent, causing repulsion and fracture.

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Diamond and Graphite
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Diamond is a hard 3D network insulator; graphite is layered, soft, and electrically conductive.

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Ionic Solids
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Crystalline solids of cations and anions with high melting points, brittleness, and conductivity only when ions move.

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Metallic Solids
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Solids of metal cores in a sea of mobile, delocalized valence electrons.

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Properties of Metallic Solids
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They conduct heat and electricity and are malleable and ductile because mobile electrons maintain bonding.

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Alloys
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Metal mixtures form substitutional or interstitial structures, and interstitial atoms make the lattice more rigid.

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Molecular Solids
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Solids of discrete molecules held by intermolecular forces, usually with low melting points and poor conductivity.

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Covalent Network Solids
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Solids of atoms covalently bonded in 2D or 3D networks, giving very high melting points and hardness.

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Biomolecules and Polymers in Solids
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Their shapes and properties depend on noncovalent interactions within one molecule or between molecules.

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Crystal Lattice
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A regular, repeating three-dimensional arrangement of particles in a crystalline solid.

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Unit Cell
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The smallest repeating structural unit that builds an entire crystal lattice.

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