AP®︎ Chemistry: Topic 2.5 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 2.5 of AP Chemistry – Lewis Diagrams to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Lewis Diagram / Lewis Structure

Definition

A drawing that shows valence electrons, lone pairs, and bonding pairs in a molecule or ion.

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Lewis Diagram / Lewis Structure
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A drawing that shows valence electrons, lone pairs, and bonding pairs in a molecule or ion.

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Localized Electron Model
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A model where electrons are assigned to specific atoms or shared between specific atoms.

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Lone Pairs and Bonding Pairs
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Lone pairs stay on one atom; bonding pairs are shared between atoms in a bond.

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Octet Rule and Common Exceptions
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Most atoms seek eight electrons; H has 2, Be 4, B 6, and some larger atoms exceed 8.

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Expanded Octet
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A central atom in period 3 or higher can hold more than eight valence electrons.

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Odd-Electron Species
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Molecules or ions with an odd total of valence electrons cannot give every atom a full octet.

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Multiple Bonds
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Double and triple bonds form when atoms must share more than one electron pair.

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Drawing Covalent Lewis Diagrams
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Count valence electrons, choose a central atom, add single bonds, complete octets, then adjust bonds or lone pairs.

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Counting Valence Electrons for Lewis Structures
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Add all valence electrons from each atom, adjusting for ionic charge by adding or subtracting electrons.

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Choosing the Central Atom
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Usually place the least electronegative atom in the center, but hydrogen is never central.

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Ionic Lewis Diagrams
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Show transferred electrons, then place each ion in brackets with its charge outside.

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Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions
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Draw the covalent structure, adjust electrons for charge, and enclose the ion in brackets.

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