AP®︎ Chemistry: Topic 3.9 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 3.9 of AP Chemistry – Separation of Solutions and Mixtures to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Filtration

Definition

Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid by passing the mixture through a porous barrier.

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Filtration
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Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid by passing the mixture through a porous barrier.

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Chromatography
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Separates mixture components by different attractions to a mobile phase and a stationary phase.

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Stationary Phase and Mobile Phase
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Stationary phase stays fixed; mobile phase moves and carries dissolved substances through or across it.

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Paper, Thin-Layer, and Column Chromatography
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Paper uses cellulose, TLC uses coated silica plates, and column uses packed solid adsorbent in a tube.

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Chromatography and Polarity
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More polar substances usually stick more to polar stationary phases and travel shorter distances.

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Chromatogram
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The separation pattern showing component positions after chromatography, used to compare relative polarity.

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Distillation
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Separates liquids by heating so the more volatile component vaporizes first and then condenses.

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Simple Distillation vs. Fractional Distillation
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Simple uses one vaporization-condensation step for larger boiling-point differences; fractional uses many steps for closer boiling points.

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Boiling Point, Vapor Pressure, and Intermolecular Forces in Distillation
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Weaker intermolecular forces give higher vapor pressure and lower boiling point, so that component distills first.

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Rf Value
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The ratio of a substance’s travel distance to the solvent front’s distance.

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