AP®︎ Chemistry: Topic 9.6 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 9.6 of AP Chemistry – Free Energy of Dissolution to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Free Energy of Dissolution

Definition

The overall Gibbs free energy change when a solute dissolves in a solvent.

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Free Energy of Dissolution
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The overall Gibbs free energy change when a solute dissolves in a solvent.

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Lattice Enthalpy and Hydration Enthalpy
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Lattice enthalpy is positive to separate ions; hydration enthalpy is negative when water surrounds ions.

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Exothermic vs Endothermic Dissolution
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Negative ΔH releases heat and warms solution; positive ΔH absorbs heat and cools solution.

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Entropy Effects During Dissolution
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Breaking a solid raises disorder, while forming organized solvent shells often lowers disorder.

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Enthalpy-Entropy Scenarios for Solubility
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Negative ΔH and positive ΔS always favor dissolving; positive ΔH and negative ΔS never do.

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Temperature and Solubility
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Higher temperature favors dissolution when ΔH is positive and disfavors it when ΔH is negative.

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Ion Size and Charge Effects on Dissolution
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Small, highly charged ions increase both lattice strength and hydration strength, creating competing effects.

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Why Solubility Predictions Are Difficult
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Large opposing enthalpy and entropy contributions often cancel, making overall free energy hard to predict.

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Three Factors in Dissolution Free Energy
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Lattice breaking, solvent reorganization, and solute-solvent interactions together determine overall dissolution free energy.

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Enthalpy and Entropy of Dissolution
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The overall heat and disorder changes together determine whether dissolving is thermodynamically favored.

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Free Energy and Spontaneous Dissolution
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Dissolving is thermodynamically favored when ΔG = ΔH - TΔS is negative.

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