AP®︎ Chemistry: Topic 1.5 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 1.5 of AP Chemistry – Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Coulomb's Law

Definition

Electrostatic force is proportional to charge product and inversely proportional to distance squared.

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Coulomb's Law
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Electrostatic force is proportional to charge product and inversely proportional to distance squared.

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Shells, Subshells, Core Electrons, and Valence Electrons
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Shells are energy levels; subshells are s, p, d, f; inner electrons are core, outer are valence.

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Subshells
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s holds 2 electrons, p 6, d 10, and f 14.

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Aufbau Principle
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Electrons fill the lowest-energy orbitals available before occupying higher-energy orbitals.

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Pauli Exclusion Principle
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An orbital can hold at most two electrons, and they must have opposite spins.

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Hund's Rule
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Electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals singly before any pairing occurs.

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Ground-State Electron Configuration
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The lowest-energy arrangement of an atom's or ion's electrons among orbitals.

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Noble Gas Shortcut
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Use the previous noble gas in brackets, then write only the remaining outer subshells.

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Orbital Diagram
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A box-and-arrow model showing orbital occupancy and electron spins in each subshell.

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Valence Electrons from Electron Configuration
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Count electrons in the highest principal energy level, usually the outer s and p subshells.

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Electron Configuration of Ions
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Add electrons for anions and remove highest-energy outer electrons for cations.

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Effective Nuclear Charge and Shielding
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Inner electrons reduce nuclear attraction, so outer electrons feel less than the full nuclear charge.

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Ionization Energy
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The energy needed to remove an electron, which increases with stronger nucleus-electron attraction.

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Subatomic Particles
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Atoms contain protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons outside it.

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