AP®︎ Human Geography: Topic 2.7 Flashcards

Deliberate government action intended to influence a population’s size, growth rate, or composition through fertility or migration

A policy that encourages births and larger families to raise fertility and natural population growth

A policy that discourages births to reduce fertility and the rate of natural increase

The total fertility rate needed for one generation to replace itself, approximately 2.1 children per woman in a low-mortality population

Continued population growth or decline caused by the existing age structure even after fertility changes

Potential economic growth associated with a large working-age population and relatively few dependents, often following fertility decline

Antinatalist policy introduced around 1979–1980 that limited most urban couples to one child, slowing growth but contributing to aging, a smaller workforce, and a male-skewed sex ratio

Coercive 1975–1977 antinatalist campaign that used quotas and pressure to promote sterilization, provoking political backlash and public distrust

A small-family campaign begun in the 1960s and later replaced by pronatalist incentives after fertility fell below replacement level

Government rules determining who may enter a country, in what number, for what purpose, and for how long

Population size is the total number of people and its growth or decline; composition is the population’s demographic, economic, cultural, and legal characteristics

An immigration policy that increases admissions to expand the population, fill labor shortages, or slow population aging

A policy that admits migrants with preferred characteristics such as particular skills, ages, occupations, nationalities, investments, or family ties

A selective system that scores applicants on characteristics such as education, language ability, work experience, and age

An immigration policy that admits migrants based on family ties, reinforcing chain migration and established settlement networks

A policy admitting migrants for a limited period to fill labor needs while restricting permanent settlement or citizenship

A policy that reduces migrant entries or excludes particular groups, slowing migration-based growth and potentially worsening labor shortages and aging

U.S. law that sharply restricted immigration through national-origins quotas favoring northern and western Europeans and excluding most Asian immigration

U.S. law that ended national-origins quotas and emphasized family reunification and occupational preferences, increasing immigration from Latin America and Asia

Voluntary measures provide family-planning choices; coercive measures impose birth limits, penalties, or forced procedures through state power