AP®︎ Human Geography: Topic 4.6 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 4.6 of AP Human Geography – Internal Boundaries to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Internal Boundary

Definition

A political division within a sovereign state that organizes territory into smaller governmental or electoral jurisdictions

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Internal Boundary
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A political division within a sovereign state that organizes territory into smaller governmental or electoral jurisdictions

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Voting District / Electoral District / Constituency
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A geographic area whose voters elect one or more representatives

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Single-Member District System
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An electoral system in which each geographic district elects one representative

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Malapportionment
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Substantially unequal district populations that give voters unequal representational weight

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Reapportionment
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Redistribution of legislative seats among larger territorial units according to population

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Redistricting
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The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries, usually to reflect population change or reapportionment

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Contiguity
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The districting criterion that all territory in a district be connected as one geographic unit

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Compactness
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The districting criterion that a district be reasonably concentrated rather than unnecessarily stretched or fragmented

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Gerrymandering
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Deliberate manipulation of electoral district boundaries to advantage a party, incumbent, or social group or weaken an opponent

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Packing
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Concentrating opposing voters into a small number of districts so they win those seats overwhelmingly but influence fewer districts

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Cracking
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Dividing a concentrated group among several districts so it remains a minority and cannot elect its preferred candidate in any of them

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Partisan Gerrymandering
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Drawing district boundaries to give a political party an electoral advantage

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Incumbent-Protection Gerrymander
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A district map designed to preserve the seats of current officeholders

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Racial Gerrymandering
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Manipulating district boundaries on the basis of racial or ethnic settlement patterns to alter a group’s electoral influence

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Majority-Minority District
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A district in which a racial or ethnic minority constitutes a majority of the relevant population

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