AP®︎ Human Geography: Topic 5.11 Flashcards

Meeting present food and fiber needs without undermining the environmental resources, economic viability, social well-being, or cultural traditions needed for future production

Use of organisms, biological processes, or biological materials to alter agricultural production or develop products, including but not limited to genetic modification

An organism whose genetic material has been intentionally altered through biotechnology to produce a desired trait

Pest control that combines monitoring, biological controls, crop rotation, and limited chemical use instead of relying on one pesticide

Cultivation of fish, shellfish, aquatic plants, or other aquatic organisms under controlled or partially controlled conditions rather than harvesting wild populations

Production of food within or immediately around an urban area, including gardens, rooftop farms, greenhouses, and vertical farms

A system in which consumers buy seasonal farm shares in advance and receive portions of the harvest while sharing some production risk

Farming under standards that restrict many synthetic fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, GMOs, and routine use of certain medications while permitting approved inputs

A farm product altered, processed, packaged, certified, branded, or marketed to increase its value beyond that of the raw commodity

Fruits, vegetables, nuts, horticultural products, and other crops sold in differentiated markets rather than as undifferentiated commodities

A market and certification movement using price, labor, safety, community, and environmental standards to improve conditions for producers and workers

A movement encouraging food production and purchasing within a defined city, metropolitan area, state, or region

Changes in food consumption that alter demand for crops, livestock, land, water, processing, transportation, and distant production regions

Reliable physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food, involving availability, access, utilization, and stability

Limited or uncertain access to sufficient nutritious food, often because of poverty, high prices, conflict, weak distribution, or crop failure

An area whose residents have poor geographic access to affordable, nutritious food, often because of retailer distance, low income, or limited transportation

The network of transportation, storage, refrigeration, processing, financing, and retail links that moves food from producers to consumers

Conversion of rural land at metropolitan edges into housing, roads, commerce, and other urban uses, often consuming and fragmenting farmland

Decreases in average cost per unit as production volume rises and fixed costs are spread across more output

Government assistance that lowers agricultural production costs or supplements farm income

A government policy that establishes or defends a minimum commodity price to protect producer income, sometimes creating surpluses

A tax that makes imported agricultural goods more expensive, protecting domestic producers but potentially raising consumer prices

A government limit on the quantity of an agricultural product that may enter a country

Insurance that reduces farmers' financial losses from adverse weather, crop failure, or other covered production risks

Access to processors, storage, and buyers shapes what farmers can profitably produce; bulky or perishable inputs favor processing near farms, while rapid-delivery activities may locate near consumers