AP®︎ Human Geography: Unit 2 Flashcards

The locations where people live and the spatial pattern those settlements form

The extent to which people are clustered together or dispersed across an area

The ecumene is Earth's permanently settled area; the non-ecumene has little or no permanent settlement

The geographic unit at which data are differentiated or aggregated, such as global, regional, national, or local; not the map's total extent

Total population ÷ total land area; measures average population concentration but treats all land as equivalent

Total population ÷ arable land area; indicates potential population pressure on crop-producing land

Number of farmers ÷ arable land area; indicates agricultural labor intensity and often the degree of mechanization

The maximum population an environment can support sustainably given its resources, technology, consumption, and systems of production and distribution

A condition in which a population’s demands exceed the sustainable capacity of its environment and resource system

The makeup of a population according to demographic characteristics, especially age and sex

The distribution of a population among age groups, reported as counts or percentages

The number of males per 100 females: (number of males ÷ number of females) × 100

A paired horizontal bar graph displaying age cohorts by sex, usually with males left, females right, and youngest cohorts at the bottom

A wide-based pyramid that narrows rapidly with age, indicating a youthful population and rapid growth

A roughly rectangular pyramid with younger and middle cohorts of similar width, indicating slow or approximately stable growth

A pyramid whose base is narrower than its middle, indicating low fertility, population aging, and possible future decline

A group whose members share a demographic characteristic, most commonly an age range or period of birth

Continued population growth after fertility falls because a large young population is entering its reproductive years

Live births in one year per 1,000 total population: births ÷ midyear population × 1,000

Deaths in one year per 1,000 total population: deaths ÷ midyear population × 1,000

The average number of children a woman would have over her reproductive lifetime if current age-specific fertility patterns continued

Deaths of children under age one per 1,000 live births in a year

The average number of years a newborn is expected to live if current mortality conditions continue

Annual natural change as a percentage: (CBR − CDR) ÷ 10; it excludes migration

The number of years required for a population to double if its annual percentage growth rate remains constant

Estimated doubling time = 70 ÷ annual growth rate expressed as a percent

Net migration per 1,000 population: (immigrants − emigrants) ÷ midyear population × 1,000

Population change = births − deaths + immigration − emigration

Model showing how birth rates, death rates, and natural increase change as a society develops, with death rates typically falling before birth rates

High, fluctuating birth and death rates remain close together, producing little long-term natural increase

Death rates fall sharply while birth rates remain high, producing rapid natural increase

Birth rates decline while death rates remain low, so natural increase stays positive but slows

Low birth and death rates remain close together, producing little natural increase and a stable or slowly growing population

Birth rates remain below death rates, producing negative natural increase and an aging population

Model describing long-term shifts in the leading causes of illness and death as mortality patterns change

Infectious disease, famine, malnutrition, childbirth complications, and environmental hazards produce high, fluctuating mortality

Improved nutrition, sanitation, public health, and medicine reduce infectious-disease deaths and raise life expectancy

Chronic diseases linked to aging, behavior, and industrial conditions replace infections as the leading causes of death

Medicine and behavioral changes postpone death from chronic diseases, extending life expectancy without replacing those diseases as leading causes

Proposed stage in which infectious diseases persist or return because of resistance, globalization, inequality, conflict, or weakened public health

Population can grow faster than food production, eventually causing shortages and increased mortality unless fertility declines

A severe adjustment through mass hunger, disease, and death after population exceeds its resource base

Checks that increase mortality, including famine, disease, warfare, and disasters worsened by poverty or inadequate resources

Checks that lower fertility before severe shortages, such as delayed marriage, celibacy, moral restraint, or voluntary family-size limitation

A modern extension of Malthus that links population and consumption to finite food, water, energy, land, and environmental capacity

Ester Boserup’s theory that population pressure stimulates agricultural innovation and intensification, expanding food production and carrying capacity

The view that creativity, technology, markets, conservation, and resource substitution can expand effective resources and postpone scarcity

A policy that encourages births and larger families to raise fertility and natural population growth

A policy that discourages births to reduce fertility and the rate of natural increase

Government rules determining who may enter a country, in what number, for what purpose, and for how long

Empirical patterns that most migration is short-distance, long-distance migrants move toward major commercial and industrial centers, migration may occur in stages, rural residents are more migratory than urban residents, and economic motives predominate; historically, women migrated more within countries and over shorter distances, while men dominated long-distance and international migration

A demographic change in which older age groups make up an increasing share of the total population

[(population ages 0–14 + population ages 65 and older) ÷ population ages 15–64] × 100; age-defined dependents per 100 working-age people

(population ages 65 and older ÷ population ages 15–64) × 100; older dependents per 100 working-age people

Population ages 15–64 divided by population ages 65 and older; the number of working-age people available per older dependent

A condition at an origin that encourages people to leave

A condition that attracts people to a particular destination

An attractive alternative between an origin and an intended destination that redirects or ends the migration

A barrier between an origin and possible destination that makes migration more difficult, expensive, dangerous, or impossible

Migration in which people are compelled to leave their homes or are transported elsewhere against their will

Migration in which people retain meaningful choice over whether and where to relocate

A person forced across an international border who cannot safely return, typically because of a well-founded fear of persecution

A person forced to leave home who remains within the borders of the same country

A person who has requested protection in another country but whose claim has not yet been finally decided

Migration across national borders, especially when migrants maintain social, economic, political, or cultural ties across countries

Movement to a new residence within the borders of one country

Movement to a new residence within the same region of a country

Movement to a new residence from one region of a country to another

The regular seasonal movement of pastoralists and livestock between established grazing areas

Migration in which earlier migrants help or encourage people from the same family, community, or place of origin to move to the same destination

Migration toward a destination through a sequence of intermediate residential moves rather than one direct relocation

A migrant legally admitted to another country for employment, usually temporarily under a work permit or contract

Movement from the countryside or agricultural settlements to towns and cities

Migration into a place

Migration out of a place

Money or other resources migrants send from receiving areas to relatives or communities in their places of origin

The emigration of highly educated, trained, or skilled people, causing a sending area to lose human capital

The acquisition of skilled labor and human capital through immigration or the return of experienced migrants

A population dispersed from a homeland whose members retain an identity with, memory of, or connection to that homeland

The spread of cultural traits, ideas, practices, or technologies from one person, group, or place to another