AP®︎ Human Geography: Unit 3 Flashcards

Shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors that a society learns and transmits among members and across generations

The tangible objects and built forms produced or used by a society, such as buildings, clothing, and tools

The intangible elements of culture, including language, beliefs, values, customs, and social expectations

A single identifiable element of culture, such as a language, food prohibition, roof style, or farming technique

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, often rural group and transmitted through close personal contact across generations

Widely shared and rapidly changing cultural practices spread through mass media, commercial networks, and broad social interaction

Understanding a cultural practice through the meanings, standards, and circumstances of its own culture rather than automatically judging it by outside standards

Judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture, often assuming one’s own practices are normal or superior

The physical environment together with the visible and spatial expressions of the cultures that have acted on it

The human-made portion of a cultural landscape, including buildings, roads, monuments, utilities, and other constructed features

Architecture following forms and construction practices passed from one generation to another and associated with inherited customs

Architecture based on ordinary local building traditions, often using local materials and built without formally trained architects

Architecture reacting against modernist uniformity by using ornament, symbolism, historical references, bright colors, or mixed traditions

Successive societies occupying and modifying the same place, each leaving cultural evidence that later groups preserve, alter, reuse, cover, or destroy

Identity based on a perceived shared cultural heritage, such as ancestry, language, religion, traditions, homeland, or collective memory

A space whose use, access, design, or meaning is shaped by socially constructed gender roles and power relations

An area containing a concentration of people, institutions, and businesses associated with a particular ethnic group

An area where an ethnic group is spatially concentrated and maintains businesses, institutions, cultural practices, employment, services, and support networks

A community descended from a territory’s original inhabitants that maintains distinctive cultural traditions and long-standing relationships with its land

The meaning, identity, and emotional attachment associated with a location

The process through which people create, reinforce, or reshape the identity and meaning of a space

A force that promotes unity, solidarity, or cohesion within a group, region, or state

A force that promotes division, fragmentation, or separation within a group, region, or state

The place or area where a cultural trait, innovation, or cultural system originates and begins to spread

The spread of a cultural trait, idea, practice, technology, or innovation among people and across space over time

The spread of a cultural trait when people move and establish the trait in a new location

The outward spread of a trait to additional people or places while it continues to exist at its source

Rapid, widespread expansion through direct contact among individuals or neighboring places without following a formal hierarchy

Expansion through an ordered network, with adoption following levels of influence, power, prestige, authority, or connectivity rather than proximity

Expansion in which an underlying idea spreads but adopters modify its specific form to fit local cultural or environmental conditions

The process by which sustained contact among cultural groups produces a new cultural expression combining elements from multiple sources

A limited contact language with no initial native speakers, typically developed for functions such as trade or labor

A complete native language that develops through sustained language contact, often when a contact language expands and becomes a community’s first language

A shared language used for communication among people whose native or first languages differ

Direct political control and organization of a territory by an outside state, often for settlement, extraction, strategy, or exploitation

A state’s extension of political, military, economic, or cultural power over other peoples or territories, often spreading culture through institutions, migration, and authority

The creation, sharing, maintenance, and revision of cultural meanings through human interaction rather than biology or permanent attachment to place

An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, creating dense and diverse settings that intensify cultural interaction

The increasing interconnection and interdependence of places through economic, political, technological, and sociocultural networks

The reduction in the time and cost needed to connect places because of improved transportation and communication

The process by which cultures or places become more similar as they share cultural traits

The process by which cultures or places become more distinct through resistance, revitalization, or local adaptation of shared traits

A language at risk of extinction because it has few speakers or is no longer being regularly transmitted to children

The complete disappearance of a language when it loses its last speakers and is no longer used

A collection of languages descended from a shared ancestral language

A division within a language family containing languages with a more recent common origin and clearer similarities

A division within a language branch containing closely related languages that share a relatively recent common origin

The most widely spoken language family, including most European languages and many languages of South and Southwest Asia

A systematic regional or social variation of a language in vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar

A boundary marking the spatial extent of a particular pronunciation, vocabulary term, or other linguistic feature

A language designated for government functions such as administration, courts, schools, and public documents

A place name that can preserve evidence of language, religion, political authority, identity, cultural influence, or settlement history

A religion open to people regardless of ethnicity that generally seeks converts and spreads through relocation and expansion diffusion

A religion closely tied to a particular people, ancestry, homeland, or cultural tradition and spread mainly through relocation diffusion

A universalizing religion originating in Southwest Asia that spread through missionaries, political support, migration, imperialism, and colonization

A universalizing religion originating in Mecca and Medina that spread through migration, trade, political expansion, and conversion

A universalizing religion originating in northern South Asia that spread through rulers, monks, merchants, travelers, and trade routes

A universalizing, monotheistic religion originating in Punjab whose overseas communities were created mainly through migration

An ethnic religion originating in South Asia that remains concentrated near its hearth but also occurs in migrant diaspora communities

An ethnic, monotheistic religion originating in Southwest Asia whose distribution was shaped largely by migration, expulsion, persecution, and diaspora

The dispersal of a people from an ancestral homeland and the communities formed by that dispersal

Adoption of some traits of another culture while retaining important elements of the original culture

Incorporation into another culture accompanied by the loss or replacement of most distinctive traits of the original culture

The blending of traits from two or more cultures to create a new cultural form

The coexistence of multiple cultural groups in the same society or place while they retain distinctive identities and practices