AP®︎ Human Geography: Topic 2.4 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 2.4 of AP Human Geography – Population Dynamics to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Population Dynamics

Definition

Change in a population’s size over time through fertility, mortality, and migration

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Population Dynamics
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Change in a population’s size over time through fertility, mortality, and migration

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Population-Balancing Equation
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Population change = births − deaths + immigration − emigration

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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
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Live births in one year per 1,000 total population: births ÷ midyear population × 1,000

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
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The average number of children a woman would have over her reproductive lifetime if current age-specific fertility patterns continued

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Replacement-Level Fertility
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The fertility level at which a generation replaces itself without migration, approximately 2.1 children per woman in low-mortality populations

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Population Momentum
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Continued population growth after fertility falls because a large young population is entering its reproductive years

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Mortality
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The occurrence of deaths within a population

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Crude Death Rate (CDR)
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Deaths in one year per 1,000 total population: deaths ÷ midyear population × 1,000

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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
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Deaths of children under age one per 1,000 live births in a year

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Life Expectancy
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The average number of years a newborn is expected to live if current mortality conditions continue

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Migration
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Permanent or semipermanent relocation that changes the populations of both an origin and a destination

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Immigration vs. Emigration
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Immigration is migration into a place and adds population; emigration is migration out of a place and removes population

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Net Migration
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The difference between immigration and emigration: immigrants − emigrants

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Net Migration Rate (NMR)
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Net migration per 1,000 population: (immigrants − emigrants) ÷ midyear population × 1,000

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Natural Increase
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The difference between births and deaths, excluding migration

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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
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Annual natural change as a percentage: (CBR − CDR) ÷ 10; it excludes migration

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Total Annual Growth Rate
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When component rates are per 1,000: (CBR − CDR + NMR) ÷ 10

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Population-Doubling Time
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The number of years required for a population to double if its annual percentage growth rate remains constant

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Rule of 70
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Estimated doubling time = 70 ÷ annual growth rate expressed as a percent

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Fertility
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Actual childbearing within a population

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