AP®︎ Human Geography: Topic 2.8 Flashcards

The average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years if current age-specific fertility rates continued

The fertility rate needed to replace a population without migration, about 2.1 children per woman where mortality is low

Deaths of children under one year of age

Deaths among young children, commonly measured as deaths before age five

Deaths associated with pregnancy and childbirth

The average number of years a person is expected to live under current mortality conditions

The level of schooling completed by girls and women; greater attainment commonly delays marriage and first birth

The share of working-age women who are employed or actively seeking employment, often undercounting unpaid care work

Methods, information, and services that allow people to influence the timing, spacing, and number of births

Expansion of women’s capacity to make consequential decisions about education, work, marriage, migration, health, and reproduction

Income, career advancement, or experience forgone when time is devoted to pregnancy and child care instead of other activities

The practical ability to decide whether, when, and how many children to have

Voting, holding office, civil-society organizing, and advocacy that can shape laws, rights, services, and public investment

Empirical patterns that most migration is short-distance, long-distance migrants move toward major commercial and industrial centers, migration may occur in stages, rural residents are more migratory than urban residents, and economic motives predominate; historically, women migrated more within countries and over shorter distances, while men dominated long-distance and international migration

The trend in which women constitute a large and increasingly independent share of migration streams