AP®︎ Human Geography: Topic 7.3 Flashcards

The process through which a place changes in economic production, material living standards, health, education, and overall quality of life

The monetary value of final goods and services produced within a state's borders during a specified period, regardless of ownership

The value of goods and services produced by a state's residents and firms, including their production abroad; GNP = GDP + net factor income from abroad

The total primary income received by a state's residents and businesses, including net income from abroad; GNI = GDP + net primary income from abroad

A national total divided by the population to produce a per-person average, allowing comparisons across differently sized populations but concealing distribution

An adjustment that accounts for differences among places in the cost of a comparable set of goods and services

The proportions of employment or economic output in different sectors, commonly shifting from primary toward secondary and then service and knowledge activities with development

Legally recognized, regulated, and recorded economic activity generally subject to taxation, labor rules, licensing, and recordkeeping

Economic activity operating outside some or all government registration, taxation, and regulation and therefore often missing from official statistics

The way income is divided among a population, revealing inequalities concealed by per capita averages

A graph of cumulative population from poorest to richest against cumulative income received; greater bowing below the equality line indicates greater inequality

A measure of income inequality based on the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality; 0 indicates perfect equality and 1, or 100, indicates maximum inequality

The average number of children a woman would be expected to have during her childbearing years if current age-specific fertility rates continued

The number of deaths of children younger than one year per 1,000 live births in a given year

People's practical ability to obtain necessary medical services, determined by distance, transportation, affordability, coverage, personnel, medicine, and social barriers

The percentage of a specified population able to read and write with basic understanding, commonly measured for people age 15 and older

Indicators such as energy use per capita, electricity access, fossil-fuel consumption, and renewable-energy share used to assess productive capacity, infrastructure, consumption, and environmental impact

A composite index combining life expectancy, schooling, and PPP-adjusted GNI per capita; values range from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater human development

A composite index of gender disadvantage in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor-market participation; values closer to 1 indicate greater inequality