AP®︎ Human Geography: Topic 2.5 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 2.5 of AP Human Geography – The Demographic Transition Model to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Definition

Model showing how birth rates, death rates, and natural increase change as a society develops, with death rates typically falling before birth rates

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
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Model showing how birth rates, death rates, and natural increase change as a society develops, with death rates typically falling before birth rates

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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
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Annual number of live births per 1,000 people, without adjustment for the population’s age or sex composition

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Crude Death Rate (CDR)
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Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people, without adjustment for the population’s age or sex composition

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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
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Annual percentage of population growth or decline from births and deaths alone; RNI = (CBR − CDR) ÷ 10

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DTM Stage 1: High Stationary
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High, fluctuating birth and death rates remain close together, producing little long-term natural increase

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DTM Stage 2: Early Expanding
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Death rates fall sharply while birth rates remain high, producing rapid natural increase

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DTM Stage 3: Late Expanding
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Birth rates decline while death rates remain low, so natural increase stays positive but slows

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DTM Stage 4: Low Stationary
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Low birth and death rates remain close together, producing little natural increase and a stable or slowly growing population

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DTM Stage 5: Declining
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Birth rates remain below death rates, producing negative natural increase and an aging population

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Population Momentum
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Continued population growth after fertility falls because a large cohort is entering its reproductive years

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Replacement-Level Fertility
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Average fertility needed for one generation to replace itself without migration, about 2.1 children per woman in many low-mortality populations

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Epidemiological Transition Model
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Model describing long-term shifts in the leading causes of illness and death as mortality patterns change

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Epidemiological Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine
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Infectious disease, famine, malnutrition, childbirth complications, and environmental hazards produce high, fluctuating mortality

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Epidemiological Stage 2: Receding Pandemics
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Improved nutrition, sanitation, public health, and medicine reduce infectious-disease deaths and raise life expectancy

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Epidemiological Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases
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Chronic diseases linked to aging, behavior, and industrial conditions replace infections as the leading causes of death

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Epidemiological Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases
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Medicine and behavioral changes postpone death from chronic diseases, extending life expectancy without replacing those diseases as leading causes

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Epidemiological Stage 5: Reemergence of Infectious Disease
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Proposed stage in which infectious diseases persist or return because of resistance, globalization, inequality, conflict, or weakened public health

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