AP®︎ Human Geography: Topic 7.1 Flashcards

The late-1700s transformation, beginning in Great Britain, from agriculture and hand production to machine-powered factories, fossil-fuel energy, and large-scale manufacturing

The growing importance of mechanized manufacturing and the resulting reorganization of labor, settlement, transportation, social classes, and connections between places

A preindustrial system in which merchants supplied raw materials to rural households that made goods by hand for later collection and sale

A production system that concentrates workers, machinery, energy, and supervision in one location for faster, larger-scale output

The manufacture of large quantities of standardized goods, generally using machinery and a division of labor

The later industrial expansion beginning around 1870, associated with steel, electricity, petroleum, chemicals, and internal-combustion technology

Factory owners, major merchants, investors, and business leaders who owned productive property and accumulated profits

Managers, professionals, engineers, clerks, shopkeepers, and other salaried or independent workers whose numbers expanded with industrialization

Workers dependent primarily on wages from factory, mining, transportation, and related industrial labor

The division of society into ranked groups based on characteristics such as wealth, income, occupation, and power

The establishment and maintenance of political control over another territory and its people, often involving direct administration and economic exploitation

The policy or process by which a state extends political, military, or economic power over other places, with or without direct colonial rule

Unequal economic growth among places caused partly by differences in when and how they industrialized or were incorporated into industrial systems