AP®︎ Human Geography: Unit 4 Flashcards

A politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined territory, government, sovereignty, and recognition as independent by other states

A people united by a shared cultural and political identity and attachment to a homeland

A sovereign state whose territory corresponds closely to the homeland and population of one principal nation

A nation with a shared identity and homeland that lacks an independent sovereign state of its own

An independent state containing two or more nations with significant distinct identities, such as the United Kingdom

A nation whose members and traditional homeland extend across two or more independent states, such as Koreans or Kurds

A subnational territory with substantial authority to govern its internal affairs while remaining part of a sovereign state

A subnational territory with limited self-government that remains under the sovereignty of a larger state, such as an American Indian reservation

A legally designated territory reserved for a federally recognized American Indian tribe with limited self-government under federal authority

A state's ultimate authority to govern its territory and population, conduct domestic and foreign affairs, and act without subordination to another state

Loyalty to and identification with a nation, often including the belief that its interests should receive political expression

The principle that a people sharing a common identity should help determine its own political status and government

A form of imperialism in which an outside state directly controls a territory as a colony

The process by which a state extends political, economic, military, or cultural power over other territories and peoples

An organized effort to end foreign or imperial rule and establish self-government

The process by which colonial rule ends and a colony becomes an independent sovereign state

The transfer of political authority from a central government to regional or local governments, potentially ranging from limited decentralization to autonomy

The ability to influence or control the decisions, actions, and resources of other people or groups, expressed geographically through control over people, land, and resources

The connection of people, their cultures, and their economic systems to land, including efforts to claim, use, organize, or control space

Indirect control or influence over a legally independent state or region through economic, political, financial, or cultural pressure rather than formal colonial rule

A region where internal divisions interact with competition among stronger outside powers, increasing instability, intervention, or conflict

A narrow, strategically important transportation corridor where concentrated movement allows control or disruption to create political and economic leverage

A legally recognized line marking the territorial limit of one political entity's authority and the beginning of another's

A boundary established before intensive settlement or the development of the area’s principal cultural landscape

A boundary established after an area has been settled and its cultural landscape has developed

A boundary drawn to follow or accommodate an existing cultural division

A boundary imposed by an outside or dominant power on an existing cultural landscape without meaningful regard for local cultural patterns

A former political boundary that no longer functions officially but remains visible in the cultural landscape

A boundary following a mathematically defined or surveyed line, such as latitude, longitude, or a straight segment

The legal description of a boundary in a treaty, statute, ruling, or agreement

The cartographic placement of a legally defined boundary as a line on a map

The physical marking of a boundary with monuments, posts, signs, fences, buoys, walls, or cleared land

The continuing management of a boundary through enforcement, crossings, customs, maintenance, and dispute resolution

A boundary separating the territories and authority of sovereign states

A political boundary dividing a sovereign state into smaller governmental, administrative, or electoral jurisdictions

A political boundary disputed over its legal meaning, location or legitimacy, administration, or allocation of resources

An area where military forces and installations are prohibited or restricted to separate opposing forces and reduce renewed conflict

The 1884–1885 meeting where European powers established rules that accelerated and regulated colonial claims and the externally imposed partition of Africa

A political boundary on Earth's land surface that separates the territories and jurisdictions of political entities

A line in an ocean or other body of water separating the maritime jurisdictions and resource rights of states

The 1982 convention, in force since 1994, that establishes states' rights and responsibilities in maritime zones

Waters extending up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline where the coastal state exercises sovereignty, subject to innocent passage

A zone extending up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline where a coastal state has exclusive rights to manage natural resources

A common term for waters outside a state's territorial sea, including EEZs and the high seas despite their different legal rules

A geographic area whose voters elect one or more representatives

Redistribution of legislative seats among larger territorial units according to population

The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries, usually to reflect population change or reapportionment

Deliberate manipulation of electoral district boundaries to advantage a party, incumbent, or social group or weaken an opponent

Concentrating opposing voters into a small number of districts so they win those seats overwhelmingly but influence fewer districts

Dividing a concentrated group among several districts so it remains a minority and cannot elect its preferred candidate in any of them

A state in which the national government holds ultimate authority and grants, regulates, or withdraws the powers of subnational governments

A state in which the constitution divides authority between national and regional governments, giving both protected governing powers

A territorially concentrated ethnic group’s effort to gain greater autonomy or independence from its current state

Forced removal of an ethnic, religious, or national group from a territory to make it more culturally homogeneous, often supporting exclusive territorial control

Use or threat of violence, often against civilians or symbolic targets, to create fear and achieve a political goal; separatists may use it to pressure a state for autonomy or independence

A claim that territory in one state should be annexed to or united with another state because of a shared ethnic, linguistic, cultural, or historical identity

The fragmentation of a larger state or region into smaller, often mutually hostile political units

The organization or pooling of political and economic authority above individual states through common institutions, rules, or obligations

The transition toward broader political participation, competitive elections, civil liberties, and public accountability

A problem that crosses political boundaries or cannot be managed effectively by one state acting alone

Cost savings, greater efficiency, or increased bargaining power gained by operating at a larger scale

An agreement that reduces trade barriers and establishes common rules for commerce among participating states

An agreement through which states coordinate defense, pool military capabilities, and commit to mutual security

A global organization established in 1945 for diplomacy, security, humanitarian work, and international cooperation whose norms and collective measures can constrain states

A military alliance founded in 1949 that coordinates defense around the principle that an attack on one member is an attack on all

A highly integrated political and economic organization with a single market and institutions that can make binding rules in designated policy areas

A regional organization promoting economic cooperation, political consultation, and stability in Southeast Asia through consensus and noninterference

A consensus-based forum of the eight Arctic states and Indigenous permanent participants addressing environmental protection, science, and sustainable development

A continental organization promoting African political and economic cooperation, integration, diplomacy, peace, and security

A process that weakens identification with the state, intensifies internal divisions, and may pull the state apart

A process that strengthens identification with the state, increases cooperation, and helps hold the state together

A sovereign state whose central government cannot exercise effective authority over much of its territory or perform essential functions

The unequal distribution of wealth, employment, infrastructure, investment, and public services among regions

National belonging based on shared ethnicity, ancestry, language, history, or cultural tradition

A political movement claiming that an ethnic group constitutes a nation and should receive recognition, autonomy, territorial control, or statehood

The degree to which people share practices, institutions, symbols, and membership in the same political community