AP®︎ Human Geography: Unit 6 Flashcards

The process by which an increasing share of a population lives in urban settlements

The physical characteristics at or immediately around a settlement’s location, such as landforms, water, climate, soils, resources, and terrain

A settlement’s location relative to other places and its accessibility within networks of transportation, trade, communication, resources, and markets

The transformation of an economy and society from primarily agricultural production toward mechanized manufacturing and factory-based production

The movement of people from rural areas to cities, often in search of employment, education, services, or other opportunities

The clustering of firms and institutions to gain advantages from proximity to skilled workers, clients, infrastructure, finance, and specialized services

The outward movement of people, economic activities, and development from a central city into surrounding communities

An urban agglomeration with more than 10 million people

An urban agglomeration with more than 20 million people; every metacity is also a megacity

A large, connected urban region formed when expanding metropolitan areas and their transportation and economic networks merge

The least economically developed and least powerful countries or regions in the world economy, typically dependent on core areas for investment and markets

Countries or regions occupying an intermediate position between the core and periphery, combining characteristics of both

Rapid outward expansion of low-density, dispersed, usually automobile-dependent development onto rural land at the urban fringe

The redistribution of people, employment, commerce, and services from the central city toward multiple locations across the metropolitan region

A major peripheral concentration of employment, shopping, services, and entertainment, usually located near major highway intersections

A low-density, semi-rural residential community beyond the continuously built-up suburbs but economically and socially tied to the metropolitan area

A large, rapidly growing suburban city with a predominantly suburban form and usually no dense, dominant downtown

An urban center with worldwide economic, political, or cultural influence that coordinates decisions and flows affecting distant places

The ordering of settlements by population, functions, and influence, from small towns to major metropolitan areas

A system of cities connected by transportation, corporate, financial, migration, digital, and institutional linkages and flows

A city-size pattern in which the nth-largest city has about 1/n the population of the largest city: Pₙ = P₁/n

A country’s disproportionately large and influential leading city that dominates major national functions

A model predicting that interaction increases with the populations of two places and decreases with distance, commonly Iᵢⱼ = PᵢPⱼ/dᵢⱼ².

An ideal model explaining settlement size, number, hierarchy, and spacing through the distribution of goods, services, and market areas

A settlement that provides goods and services to a surrounding market area

The surrounding area served by a central place and from which it draws customers

The minimum number of customers, purchasing power, or demand needed to support a good or service

The maximum distance consumers are willing to travel to obtain a good or service

The highly accessible concentration of a city’s commercial, financial, administrative, and entertainment functions

A monocentric industrial city arranged outward in rings: CBD, transition zone, working-class housing, better residences, and commuter zone

The ring immediately outside the CBD characterized by mixed industry, deteriorating housing, immigrant settlement, and rapidly changing land uses

A monocentric model in which urban land uses form wedges extending from the CBD along transportation or amenity corridors

A polycentric model in which specialized activities cluster around several nuclei because of facilities, agglomeration, incompatibility, and land costs

A decentralized, automobile-oriented metropolis with peripheral nodes and edge cities connected by expressways and beltways

Land users bid according to accessibility, so willingness to pay usually declines with distance from a center and the highest bidder occupies each location

A model with a strong CBD, outward commercial spine and adjacent elite sector, with less secure or informal settlement toward parts of the periphery

A corridor of shops, offices, transportation, and other commercial activity extending outward from the CBD in the Latin American city model

A high-income residential corridor extending outward from the CBD alongside the commercial spine in the Latin American city model

A corridor of poverty, deteriorated housing, informal settlement, and undesirable environmental conditions extending outward from the city center

A port-oriented model with colonial, administrative, commercial, and mixed-use zones near the core rather than one sharply defined CBD.

A model combining colonial and traditional CBDs, a market zone, ethnic and industrial districts, and peripheral informal settlement

The number of dwelling units or residents per unit of residential land area

Relatively few households spread across substantial land, typically in detached single-family houses on large individual lots

More households per unit of land through attached houses, smaller lots, or low-rise multifamily buildings such as rowhouses and apartments

Many households concentrated on relatively little land, typically in mid-rise or high-rise multifamily buildings

The tendency for residential density to be greatest near highly accessible urban locations and to decline with distance

New construction on vacant or underused land within an already substantially built-up urban area

The transfer of older housing to lower-income households as wealthier households move to newer housing

The human-made surroundings in which people live and work, including buildings, roads, public spaces, utilities, and other constructed features

The physical networks, facilities, and systems that allow an urban area to function and move people, goods, energy, water, waste, and information

Government regulation dividing land into districts and controlling permitted uses, building forms, and development density within each district

Placing compatible residential, commercial, office, civic, and recreational uses near one another or within the same building

The degree to which the built environment lets people reach destinations safely, conveniently, and comfortably on foot

Relatively dense, mixed-use development concentrated within walking distance of public transportation stations or major stops

Coordinated planning policies that direct development toward compact, connected, resource-efficient forms while limiting sprawl and preserving open space

A design movement promoting compact, walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods modeled partly on traditional settlements from before widespread automobile dependence

A protected ring, arc, or broad zone of open space around or beside a city where development is strongly restricted

A city or policy that deliberately limits the pace, scale, or location of development to protect resources, infrastructure, character, or quality of life

Social, economic, racial, or ethnic separation produced by social and economic processes rather than explicit legal requirements

Numerical measurements or counts used to show the amount, distribution, and rate of urban change

Descriptions, observations, meanings, and accounts used to show experiences and attitudes toward urban change

Population and housing information from a government effort intended to count an entire population at regular intervals

Information collected by asking standardized questions, usually from a sample used to estimate characteristics of a larger population

Systematic direct investigation of a place or community through methods such as observation, interviews, or field documentation

An individual account of places, events, or change over time, such as an oral history, testimony, diary, or personal account

Unequal treatment in renting, buying, financing, insuring, or occupying housing because of race, ethnicity, religion, sex, disability, family status, or another protected characteristic

Denying or restricting mortgages, insurance, investment, or services to neighborhoods judged undesirable, historically often because of racial or ethnic composition

A discriminatory real-estate practice that provokes racial or ethnic fears to induce cheap home sales and profitable resales

The movement of many white residents from central-city neighborhoods, especially diversifying ones, to suburban areas

The ability of households to pay for housing, challenged when rents and home prices rise faster than household incomes

The disproportionate exposure of disadvantaged groups to environmental hazards and unequal access to environmental amenities and protections

An urban area where undesirable conditions such as pollution, hazards, noise, or inadequate services are concentrated

An area where withdrawal by residents, businesses, owners, and institutions has left vacant or deteriorating buildings and lots dominant

A residential area built without secure legal title to the land, often with self-built housing and limited infrastructure

The rules and arrangements through which people occupy, use, control, rent, or own land

A land-use policy requiring or encouraging developers to include below-market-rate or affordable units in new residential developments

Efforts to produce, distribute, and consume food locally through activities such as urban farms, community gardens, and farmers’ markets

An area whose residents have limited convenient access to affordable, nutritious food, especially full-service grocery stores

Government-directed clearance, rebuilding, or substantial redevelopment of areas considered deteriorated or economically unproductive

Reinvestment and socioeconomic transformation of a lower-income or disinvested neighborhood as higher-income residents and businesses move in

The division of metropolitan governance among multiple territorial jurisdictions and specialized agencies responsible for different urban functions

The division of a metropolitan area among multiple states or provinces, counties, municipalities, neighborhood bodies, and special districts

The biologically productive land and water needed to supply a population’s consumed resources and absorb its wastes under prevailing technology

The higher temperatures of urban areas compared with nearby rural areas because of dark and dense built surfaces, limited vegetation, and waste heat

Coordination of land use, transportation, housing, infrastructure, environmental protection, and development across multiple metropolitan jurisdictions

A former or underused industrial or commercial property whose reuse is complicated by actual or possible contamination

The assessment and cleanup of contamination at a brownfield followed by its return to safe, productive use

Previously undeveloped land, often agricultural or natural land, that may be converted to urban development

A legally established line inside which urban development is permitted or encouraged and outside which it is restricted

Policies intended to prevent agricultural land near cities from being converted to residential, commercial, or industrial development