AP®︎ Statistics (pre-2026): Topic 3.3 Flashcards

Using a chance process to choose members of a population for a sample.

With replacement allows repeats; without replacement allows each population member to be chosen only once.

A sample where every possible group of a given size has an equal chance.

Label all individuals, then use random numbers to choose the required distinct labels.

Stratified samples some from every homogeneous group; cluster samples all from randomly chosen heterogeneous groups.

Choose a random starting point, then select every kth individual from the sampling frame.

The fixed spacing between selected individuals in a systematic sampling process.

A data collection method that includes every individual in the population.

The list of individuals or units from which a sample is actually selected.

Each method balances representativeness, cost, efficiency, practicality, and possible bias differently.

Divides a population into homogeneous groups, then takes an SRS from each group.

Divides a population into heterogeneous groups, randomly selects groups, then samples everyone in them.