AP®︎ Statistics (pre-2026): Topic 7.8 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 7.8 of AP Statistics (pre-2026) – Setting Up a Test for the Difference of Two Population Means to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

This course has been archived. The College Board updated AP Statistics for the 2026–27 school year, and the units and topics changed.
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Term

Null and Alternative Hypotheses for Two Means

Definition

H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 or μ1 = μ2; Ha: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0, < 0, or > 0.

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Null and Alternative Hypotheses for Two Means
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H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 or μ1 = μ2; Ha: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0, < 0, or > 0.

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Parameter Notation for Two Means
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μ1 and μ2 represent the true population means for groups 1 and 2.

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Independent Groups
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The two samples come from separate groups, so observations in one sample do not affect the other.

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Random Sampling or Random Assignment Condition
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Data should come from simple random samples or a randomized experiment.

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10% Condition for Two Samples
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When sampling without replacement, check that n1 ≤ 10% of N1 and n2 ≤ 10% of N2.

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Large Sample Condition
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If either sample distribution is skewed, both sample sizes should be greater than 30.

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Small Sample Shape Check
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If a sample size is under 30, both samples should show no strong skewness or outliers.

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Two-Sample T-Test for a Difference of Two Population Means
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A significance test for comparing means of two independent groups with quantitative data.

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Normal Condition for Two-Sample T-Tests
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The distribution of x̄1 − x̄2 must be approximately normal for valid inference.

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