AP®︎ Statistics (pre-2026): Topic 2.5 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 2.5 of AP Statistics (pre-2026) – Correlation to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

This course has been archived. The College Board updated AP Statistics for the 2026–27 school year, and the units and topics changed.
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Term

Correlation Coefficient (r)

Definition

A number from -1 to 1 measuring the direction and strength of a linear relationship.

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Correlation Coefficient (r)
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A number from -1 to 1 measuring the direction and strength of a linear relationship.

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Special Correlation Values
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r = 1 is perfect positive linear association, r = -1 perfect negative, and r = 0 no linear association.

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Unit-Free Nature Of Correlation
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It has no units because it is based on standardized values, not original measurement scales.

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Correlation Formula
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r = (1/(n - 1)) times the sum of paired x and y z-score products.

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Technology For Finding Correlation
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Use statistical software or a graphing calculator to compute r from paired quantitative data.

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Correlation Measures Only Linear Association
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It describes how closely points follow a straight-line pattern, not curved or other nonlinear patterns.

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High Correlation Does Not Guarantee A Linear Model
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A value near 1 or -1 can occur even when a curved pattern makes a linear model inappropriate.

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Correlation And Causation
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An association between two variables does not prove that one variable causes changes in the other.

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Outliers And Correlation
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Extreme points can strongly change the value because the calculation uses means and standard deviations.

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Direction And Strength Of Correlation
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The sign shows direction, and the size shows the strength of linear association.

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