AP®︎ Statistics (pre-2026): Topic 5.1 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 5.1 of AP Statistics (pre-2026) – Introducing Statistics: Why Is My Sample Not Like Yours? to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

This course has been archived. The College Board updated AP Statistics for the 2026–27 school year, and the units and topics changed.
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Term

Sampling Distribution

Definition

The distribution of a statistic from all possible samples of one size from a population.

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Sampling Distribution
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The distribution of a statistic from all possible samples of one size from a population.

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Sampling Variability
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The natural sample-to-sample differences in a statistic when random samples come from the same population.

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Random Variation vs. Nonrandom Variation
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Random variation comes from chance in sampling; nonrandom variation comes from bias or other systematic causes.

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Population Parameter vs. Sample Statistic
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A parameter describes the whole population; a statistic describes a sample and estimates the parameter.

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Means and Proportions: Sample vs. Population
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x̄ and p̂ describe samples, while μ and p describe populations.

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Sampling Error
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The difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter.

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