AP®︎ Statistics (pre-2026): Topic 7.1 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 7.1 of AP Statistics (pre-2026) – Introducing Statistics: Why Should I Worry About Error? to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

This course has been archived. The College Board updated AP Statistics for the 2026–27 school year, and the units and topics changed.
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Term

Statistical Inference

Definition

Using sample data to draw conclusions about a population, with uncertainty from random variation.

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Statistical Inference
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Using sample data to draw conclusions about a population, with uncertainty from random variation.

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Random Variation
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Natural sample-to-sample differences caused by chance rather than a systematic influence.

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Sampling Error
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The difference between a sample result and the true population value caused by random sampling.

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Measurement Error
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Inaccuracy in recorded data because the measuring process or instrument does not capture values exactly.

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Bias
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A systematic error that consistently pushes results away from the true population value.

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Type I And Type II Errors
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Type I rejects a true null; Type II fails to reject a false null.

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Significance Level
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The chosen probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.

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Power
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The probability that a test correctly rejects a false null hypothesis.

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Factors Affecting Type I And Type II Error
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Lower alpha reduces Type I but raises Type II; larger samples usually reduce Type II and increase power.

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Simple Random Sample
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A sample chosen so every possible group of the same size has an equal chance.

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Volunteer Sample And Convenience Sample
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Volunteer samples use self-selected participants; convenience samples use easily reached participants, often causing bias.

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Response Bias
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Bias caused when question wording or survey conditions influence how people answer.

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Confounding Variable
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A variable related to both explanatory and response variables that distorts their apparent relationship.

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Blocking
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Grouping similar experimental units before treatment assignment to control a known source of variation.

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Null Hypothesis
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A claim about a population parameter that represents no effect or no difference.

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